Классификация морских споров и современные правовые средства их разрешения

Обзор научных статей, опубликованных за последние 15 лет в ведущих зарубежных научных журналах по международному праву, свидетельствует о совершенствовании правовых средств урегулирования межгосударственных морских споров.
Цель. Выявление особенностей применения норм морского права при разрешении морских споров, складывающихся в современной международной системе.
Задачи. Развитие классификации морских споров, анализ юрисдикции судебных органов, управомоченных разрешать морские споры, характеристика международных соглашений и обычаев морского права при разрешении морских споров Международным судом Организации Объединенных Наций (ICJ), Международным трибуналом по морскому праву (ITLOS) и Постоянной палатой третейского суда в Гааге (PCA).
Методология. Дискурсивный анализ наиболее авторитетных публикаций по проблеме разрешения морских споров, формально правовой анализ норм и обычаев морского права, а также сравнительное правовое исследование судебной и арбитражной практики по разрешению межгосударственных морских споров. Правоприменительная практика по морским спорам позволяет охарактеризовать предмет современных межгосударственных морских споров; критически оценить справедливость решений международных судебных инстанций; проанализировать проблемы исполнимости вынесенных судебных и арбитражных решений в рамках процедур по разрешению морских споров, предусмотренных в Конвенции ООН по морскому праву 1982 г.
Результаты. Обоснованные решения Международного суда ООН, Международного трибунала по морскому праву и Постоянной палаты третейского суда в Гааге, как правило, выполняются государствами — участниками Конвенции ООН по морскому праву 1982 г. Компенсация ущерба, причиненного незаконной деятельностью государств, обеспечение безопасности на море, защита морской среды и незамедлительное освобождение судов и экипажей из-под ареста стали современной правовой реальностью благодаря эффективности правового механизма по разрешению межгосударственных морских споров. Вместе с тем территориальные морские споры вызывают существенные трудности на всех стадиях своего разрешения, что обусловлено их политическим характером и усилиями государств по защите своих национальных интересов.
Выводы. Разрешение морских территориальных споров требует от сторон большей гибкости, заключения международного договора сторонами спора о порядке его рассмотрения, а также использования согласительных процедур для выработки компромиссного решения по спору.

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