Aim. To define the main characteristics of modern globalization as an economic and political environment for the implementation of new models of state sovereignty. To characterize the economic sovereignty of Russia as a compromise between integration into the world economy and technologically justified and politically inevitable isolationism. Tasks. To analyze modern and Russian theories of sovereignty at the turn of 2025, to assess the prospects for changing globalization, the practice of applying economic and mathematical approaches to assessing the effects of implementing public policy (econometric models, input-output balance models, computable general equilibrium models), to identify the specifics and limitations of these approaches. Methods. The rejection of the universal model of globalization is, in fact, a radical revolution in the field of social science. The concept of the “end of history”, globalization and the destruction of sovereignty determined the current methodology of social science. Today we should talk about a change in the development paradigm, since there is a change not only in individual principles, methods or even theories, but also in a significant part of the scientific picture of understanding what is happening in Russia. The scientific provisions formulated in the article are obtained using general scientific methods (classification and comparative analysis and expert analysis). Results. The authors have developed the theoretical content and propose the term “managed resovereignization” to assess the economic and political processes of modern development in Russia. Conclusions. The ongoing changes indicate that extreme positions in the global economy are being marginalized. The ideology of super-globalization is rather history, but the model of “great selfisolation” is not constructive either.

The developing cooperation between Russia and China in the development of the Northern Sea Route requires theoretical understanding as an independent phenomenon. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to find the most acceptable approach that can describe the interaction of the two countries based on theories of international relations. The objectives were to study Russian-Chinese cooperation from the standpoint of realism, institutionalism and constructivism. Methods. The results are obtained based on statements by officials and business representatives made at the Roscongress economic forums in 2018–2025. Results. For the Russian side, the approach from the standpoint of realism implies influence on world markets, as well as priority for interaction with friendly countries. The Chinese side points to the strategic value of partnership relations. Both parties gain influence on geopolitics in the region. An assessment of the role of institutions showed their importance for achieving sustainable development goals, organizing shipping, and economic development of the Arctic zone. In 2025, interaction moved to the level of bilateral intergovernmental formats and synchronization of goa ls with individual countries. From the standpoint of the constructivist approach, we can talk about corporate identity (the development of the Arctic is the largest project in the history of Russia and ensures a turn to the East), typical identity (the Arctic is the national idea of Russia and the mission of China), role identity (Russia needs investments and technologies. Containerization, the presence of ice-class vessels and year-round navigation are important for both), as well as collective identity, through which the countries p osition themselves as a single whole, sharing a common economic future, confirming friendship and steadfast mutual support. The theory of complex interdependence (neorealism), which assumes forced cooperation, did not find clear confirmation in the considered case, although in most publications it is realism and neorealism that explain the Russian-Chinese rapprochement. Conclusions. When we want to explain the relations of two countries that shared communist ideology for decades, theories based on market considerations turn out to be half-hearted. Commitment to friendship gives stability to the relationship, which leads to long-term economic results.

Aim and tasks. Purpose and objectives. The purpose of the article is to analyze the current state of the digital transformation of international trade in Kyrgyzstan, develop practical recommendations for simplifying foreign trade procedur es and implementing digital solutions to improve the efficiency of trade operations. Special attention is paid to removing institutional, legal and technological barriers that hinder the transition to paperless trade and slow down the country’s integration into the global trading system. Methods. Structural and functional analysis, a comparative approach, and elements of business process modeling were used as the methodological basis of the study. The current practices of documenting foreign trade transactions are investigated. The logistical indicators of the country were analyzed, which made it possible to identify the main administrative and procedural bottlenecks. Results. The key problems hindering digitalization are identified: redundancy of procedures and documents, the need for personal presence when issuing permits, fragmentation of information systems and weak development of digital infrastructure. The analysis of the dynamics of the efficiency of Kyrgyzstan’s logistics systems allowed us to propose comprehensive measures, including expanding the functions of the national trade coordination mechanism, developing electronic document management and creating mechanisms for cross-border recognition of digital documents. In order to optimize existing logistics processes in Kyrgyzstan, a possible model for the introduction of electronic exchange of information on the origin of goods between Kyrgyzstan and partner countries has been proposed, which will simplify and accelerate existing business processes. Conclusions. It is concluded that the digitalization of international trade is not only a factor in increasing economic efficiency, but also an important condition for the sustainable development of the country. The implementation of the proposed recommendations in the field of trade facilitation for Kyrgyzstan will reduce costs, speed up trade processes and ensure greater transparency of interaction between business and the state.

The article discusses the current problem of risk management at enterprises of the military-industrial complex (MIC) that produce dual-use products (DUP) based on assessing the level of risk tolerance and risk intensity. The specific nature of these enterprises, which operate at the intersection of government regulation and market competition, requires new approaches to risk management that go beyond classical paradigms. Objective. The purpose of the study is to develop a comprehensive model that integrates risk resilience management (the ability to withstand negative impacts) and risk capacity (the ability to consciously accept risks in order to achieve strategic advantages) in the import substitution of dual-use products. Aim and tasks. The tasks that need to be solved in order to achieve the goal are to develop a comprehensive management model that integrates the concepts of risk tolerance and risk capacity; to adapt the proposed model to the specific requirements of defense industry enterprises that produce DUP; to develop criteria for assessing the levels of risk tolerance and risk capacity of production processes; to test the proposed model based on the analysis of current data (foreign trade of the Russian Federation for 2024–2025) and identify systemic risks based on the results of the analysis, as well as to assess the external environment from the perspective of the developed model. Methods. (The approaches and methods used to conduct the research). Theoretical Synthesis. Combining two distinct concepts — risk resilience (defensive capacity) and risk capacity (proactive/strategic capacity) — into a single, unified management framework. Model Development Designing a structured model with defined components for managing both resilience and capacity. Contextual Adaptation: Tailoring the model to the unique environment of MIC enterprises, which operate at the intersection of strict government regulation and market competition. Empirical Validation: The text implies the model will be tested (e.g., through analysis of trade data, case studies, or expert assessment) to identify systemic risks and evaluate the external environment. Results. The specific outcomes and findings of the study. A novel, comprehensive model for integrated risk management that simultaneously addresses risk resilience and risk capacity. A set of defined criteria for assessing an enterprise’s level of risk resilience and risk capacity. Findings from the model’s application that identify systemic risks and provide an assessment of the external business environment from a dual perspective (resilience and capacity). A tailored framework ready for implementation in MIC enterprises engaged in import substitution. Conclusions. The broader implications and significance of the study’s findings. Classical risk management paradigms are insufficient for MIC enterprises producing DUP due to their unique operating environment. An integrated approach that balances defensive (resilience) and offensive (capacity) risk strategies is essential for achieving strategic advantages, particularly in import substitution. The developed model provides a practical tool for enhancing strategic decision-making and overall enterprise effectiveness in conditions of sanction pressure and geo-economic instability. The scientific novelty lies in the synthesis of two opposing risk concepts — risk resilience and risk capacity — into a single, adaptive management model specifically designed for the high-stakes, hybrid (state-market) environment of the military-industrial complex. This moves beyond traditional risk management that often treats these concepts separately. Risk Resilience Management: Focused on enhancing the enterprise’s ability to withstand, absorb, and recover from negative impacts and shocks (e.g., sanctions, supply chain disruptions). Focused on building the enterprise’s ability to consciously accept and manage calculated risks to seize opportunities and achieve strategic advantages (e.g., developing new technologies, entering new markets for import substitution). The model is designed to be flexible and adaptive to the specificities of the MIC and the challenges of producing dual-use products. Strategic Orientation: It is not just about mitigating threats but is fundamentally linked to achieving strategic goals, making it a tool for competitive advantage in a volatile environment.

Aim and tasks. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of congress and exhibition activities on the economic development of Russian regions in 2019–2024, with a focus on spatial disparities and the identification of factors stimulating non-resource-based economic growth. To achieve this goal, the study analyzes the dynamics and structure of quantitative indicators of the congress and exhibition sector in the Russian Federation from 2019 to 2024, including revenue, number of events, employment, and the industry’s share in the regional economy. A comparative analysis is conducted between the Central Federal District and the eastern regions of Russia — the Ural, Siberian, and Far Eastern federal districts. The study also evaluates both the direct and cumulative (multiplicative) economic effects, including the impact on related industries and contributions to gross regional product (GRP). Institutional and infrastructural constraints hindering the development of the sector in the regions are examined, and measures to overcome them are proposed. Methods. The study applies statistical and comparative analysis methods to assess quantitative indicators of the sector in the Central Federal District and eastern regions (Ural, Siberia, Far East). Official data on revenue, number of events, employment, and the sector’s share in GRP are used. The study also evaluates institutional and infrastructural barriers. Methodologically, the work is based on trend analysis using industry statistics and expert data reflecting the post-pandemic recovery of the sector. Results. The findings indicate that the congress and exhibition industry has demonstrated steady positive dynamics: by 2024, total revenue in the sector surpassed pre-pandemic levels. At the same time, a high degree of geographic concentration persists: around 75% of the industry is concentrated in Moscow and adjacent territories. The eastern regions show higher growth rates in revenue and the number of events, indicating the emergence of new centers of business activity. Despite this growth, the overall contribution of eastern regions to the national structure of the industry in terms of revenue and event count remains minor. Institutional and infrastructural barriers limiting sectoral development outside the central regions have been identified. Conclusion. The study concludes that congress and exhibition activities have significant potential for economic diversification, investment stimulation, the development of regional business activity, territorial branding, and increasing the investment attractiveness and visibility of regions. Unlocking this potential requires decentralization of the sector, increased state support, development of event infrastructure, and the creation of a sustainable network of regional congress initiatives.

The interaction of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization with the International Criminal Police Organization (Interpol) in combating ordinary law cybercrime involves the formation of a common system of values and harmonization of national criminal law of States in the Eurasian region. An analysis of international legal norms and rules of interaction between the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and Interpol demonstrates broad prospects for international interaction between law enforcement agencies in combating cybercrime at the universal and regional levels. Aim. Characteristics of the international legal principle of indivisibility of security in the interaction of the member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization with Interpol. The regional Eurasian discourse on the problem of combating cybercrime allows not only to develop the classification of cybercrime, but also, with the participation of Interpol, contributes to the achievement of comprehensive and indivisible information security in the process of digital transformation of the world community. Methods. The formal-legal, comparative-legal and discursive research methodology shows both the interest of the Eurasian states in the problem of combating cybercrime and the theoretical basis for the harmonization of regional and universal legal order in cyberspace. Results. The involvement of international organizations and civil society institutions in the practice of combating cybercrime at the regional and universal levels contributes to the legitimization of the norms of international criminal law. The formation of an international system of fair and proportionate to the gravity of the crimes public prosecution of persons who have committed socially dangerous acts in cyberspace meets the interests of achieving the goals of sustainable development, the Interpol Constitution 1956 and the provisions of the Shanghai Convention on Combating Terrorism, Separatism and Extremism 2001. Conclusions. Propaganda of extremism and justification of terrorism in cyberspace pose a significant threat to international security, and such crimes should not go unpunished because of the religious and political diversity in the Eurasian region. The participation of civil society institutions in the formation of Interpol and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization policies on combating cybercrime will contribute to the growth of trust in the Eurasian region, the establishment of progressive formats of international cooperation to combat cyber fraud and propaganda of violent extremism on the Internet.

The research is aimed at studying the topical issues of forming a common transportation space within the EAEU in the current geopolitical conditions. Aim. To study the possibility of creating a common transportation space within the EAEU at the current stage of development of the integration association. Tasks. To identify the existing obstacles in the current geopolitical situation that hinder the creation of a common transport space within the EAEU and to propose the main directions for the development of cooperation and development of the legal framework to maximize the use of transport potential of the integration association. Methods. Comparative-legal and formal-legal and systematic methods of research were used to analyze the existing opportunities and obstacles to the creation of a common transport space of the EAEU. Results. The paper substantiates the idea of the importance of achieving the goal of creating a common transport space within the EAEU as a necessary condition for effective economic integration and increasing the global role of the organization both in the Eurasian space and as a counterweight to the European center of power. Conclusions. To develop further integration processes within the EAEU and to maximize the synergetic effect of integration, it is necessary to continue moving towards the creation of a common transport space. This will not only increase the efficiency of economic integration but also create a cumulative effect for all member states, making the EAEU a global logistics player and creating an alternative to the European influence on the development of transport and logistics in Eurasia. One of the central documents should be a unified plan for the development of the EAEU transport infrastructure in order to maximize the use of the transit potential of international transport corridors and eliminate bottlenecks where the capacity of cargo and passenger traffic is limited due to its insufficient level of development. The common transport space will bring to a new level of significance both for the EAEU as a whole and contribute to the economic prosperity of each member state individually. Coordination of external and internal policies of the EAEU member states will eliminate existing obstacles to the realization of the idea of convergence of their transport systems.

The problem of the lack of clean water for the population of many countries of the world continues to worsen as the climate warms. Being one of the most pressing environmental problems of our time, it attracts the close attention of scientists, politicians, and experts. At the global level, many universal and special institutions are dealing with the problem. The main directions in solving the problem, as they are seen today, are summarized in the Program of Sustainable Development Goals, in goal number six. These are tasks for both States and the international community. One of the ways to reduce the problem is related to finding a more equitable and efficient use of transboundary rivers, which, in turn, is based on a mechanism for calculating the water surface area regulated by an international agreement. Statistically, this is reflected through SDG 6.5.2. Aim. The purpose of the article is to examine the state of affairs related to water scarcity in Central Asia, related to the political regulation of transboundary rivers. These problems are typical for other regions as well. Tasks. Objectives: to analyze the UN Conventions on solving water problems. Identify the main SDGs used to form problem management mechanisms. To show the existing multilateral mechanisms for solving the water shortage in Central Asia. To propose platforms for discussing possible mechanisms. Methods: based on empirical and statistical data from the United Nations on SDG 6.5.2. using general scientific methods and a case study on solving Central Asian problems. Proposals have been developed to solve the problem in a multilateral format. Conclusions. It is shown that more efficient use of transboundary rivers can be achieved if there is a regional (basin) mechanism (multilateral agreement).

Russian strategic culture has an exceptional set of characteristics reflecting the specifics of modern Russian foreign policy. The historical features of the founding of the Russian state and the traditions of military thought have determined the specifics of the use of military force by the Russian Federation and its strategic culture, as well as the format of the vision of the world order reflecting Russia’s national interests and its place in it. The essence of the Russian strategic culture consists of the following ideological elements: prevention in repelling threats from the outside world, the greatpower and mediocrity of the state in relation to the world order, the “Russian way” of the militarized beginning of Russian foreign policy as the main basis of national defense, the need for an equal and fair world order that takes into account the interests of all participants. These circumstances have an impact on the formation of the doctrinal foundations of modern Russian foreign policy, forming a special political rhetoric of the strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation. Aim. To analyze the genesis of the Russian strategic culture and to assess the implementation of its postulates in the strategic planning documents of the Russian Federation. Methods. The work uses content and discourse analysis to identify the essence and content of Russian strategic culture in doctrinal documents. The material also contains an analysis of documents and sources necessary to understand the specifics of Russian strategic culture. Results. The analysis revealed the manifestations of Russia’s strategic culture in such documents as the Concept of Foreign Policy, Military Doctrine, etc., which reflects the continuity of the ideological foundations of Russia’s foreign policy, as well as reflects the ideological foundations of Russia in understanding the world order: the equality of all states, the predominance of the interests of the state over the individual, the denial of hegemony and the unification of cultural civilizational features of the countries of the world. It is important that such a strategic view of the Russian people finds expression in the practice of modern Russian foreign policy, its substantive and regional priorities, reflected, in particular, in the current Concept of foreign Policy. Conclusions. The features of the Russian strategic culture determine the constructive and defensive beginning of the foreign policy course of the Russian Federation, which is reflected in the strategic planning documents.

Since the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC), the discussion on socialist modernization has become a focus of attention for Marxist theoretical circles. China and Vietnam have successfully implemented socialist modernization, which has significant differences compared to Western modernization and provides new opportunities for developing and other socialist countries. The article examines the ways of implementing socialist modernization in the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, analyzes specific measures in this regard, and reveals the universality and specificity of socialist modernization, as well as its significance in promoting Chinesestyle modernization and serving as a reference for other socialist and developing countries. Aim and tasks. Analysis of the policy and state of socialist modernization in China and Vietnam. Vietnam is chosen as the main object of research, as one of the important strategic directions for China is Southeast Asia and, specifically, Vietnam. Identification of similarities and differences in the socialist modernization of China and Vietnam. Methods. The method of comparative retrospective analysis and synthesis of the political system is applied, which allowed for the identification of the formation of the characteristics of socialist modernization in China and Vietnam. Results and conclusions. The similarity in the processes of socialist modernization in the two countries lies in the fact that they share similar attributes and values under the leadership of the Communist Party, focusing on the individual. At the same time, the differences between the socialist modernization of China and Vietnam stem from an understanding of its national characteristics. Despite the level of development and the size of the country, the successes of modernization in China and Vietnam demonstrate the potential of the socialist idea and serve as an example for developing countries in modernizing their political systems.

In today’s world artificial intelligence (AI) stands at the forefront of this technological revolution. China, recognizing the opportunities presented by this new wave of progress, is vigorously promoting the growth of its AI sector. Aim and tasks. This study delves into DeepSeek, viewing it not just as a technological achievement but as a mirror reflecting China’s broader socio-historical context, national ambitions for progress, and the transformations wrought by globalization. Methods. The primary sources of the study include: official documents and thematically relevant scholarly publications in English, Chinese and Russian, analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results. It has been revealed that the growth of the technological potential of modern China and the creation of competitive products on the world market are directly related to the allocation of significant funds to research and development work by the country’s government. It was established that the large-scale strengthening of China’s cybersecurity, support for domestic technological solutions, and the development of digital infrastructure are key components of a strategy aimed at achieving technological independence, including advancements in fields such as artificial intelligence, quantum computing, and 5G networks. The emergence of DeepSee k’s achievements alongside other Chinese initiatives reflects a profound transformation in China’s IT sector and reinforces the foundations of technonationalism. Understanding the origins of Chinese technological nationalism indicates that it stems from the historical trajectory of the Chinese people, their aspirations for national prosperity and the transformations driven by globalization. Conclusion. State support enabled Chinese companies to actively penetrate global markets, creating competition for American tech giants and strengthening China’s position in the international technology race. This case study reveals key factors of Chinese technological nationalism, including public recognition of domestic companies as drivers of national development in the 21st century, the success of national competition in the context of globalization and the phenomenon of national resentment stemming from the country’s technological backwardness in the modern and contemporary eras. The research materials may be valuable to specialists in modern area studies, political science, and cultural anthropology.

The research analyzes the role of Turkish factor in the EAEU space through the prism of Russia’s interests under current conditions of political and economic turbulence and geopolitical escalation. Aim and tasks. Having defined the interaction between the actors as competitive cooperation, the author aims to comprehend the main directions and mechanisms of its implementation; to identify priority directions for expanding Turkish influence in the Eurasian space, to analyze current trends and factors of influence, to present a long-term outlook of Turkish presence in the region. Methods. The author uses a combination of general scientific theoretical and special methods; the method of comparative analysis and the logical method are of particular importance. Results. Due to the EAEU countries’ intention to diversify foreign policy and economic cooperation with external partners, there is no doubt that competitive cooperation in the region as well as the weight of the Turkish factor will increase, changing the structure of interstate cooperation in the Eurasian space. Conclusion. Russia is interested in increasing economic efficiency and political attractiveness of the Eurasian integration model as well as building a trajectory of pragmatic and mutually beneficial cooperation with Türk iye. Without Russia’s due attention the Turkish presence сan turn out to acquire a systemic and long-term character in the areas strategically important for Russian economy and geopolitics.

Aim. In this article the international commoditi es market is considered as an operational environment for geopolitical rivalry, the goals pursued by governments in this field are studied and classified, as well as some relevant examples from modern and contemporary history are offered for consideration. Methods. This study adopts interdisciplinary approach, uses the method of comparative analysis, statistical and empirical methods and attracts some expert assessments. Results. The market of basic commodities has been presented as a specific sphere of cooperation and competitive rivalry of actors in international affairs. On the basis of vast historical material the publication has offered a complex approach to analyze states policies in the sphere under consideration, four key criteria for identification of actors motivations, and preliminary classification of their goals. Conclusions. Resource sovereignty represents a critical condition for carrying out self-sufficient internal and external policy of every state, as it is a key to bring a national budget, energy and food security, industrial sustainability, as well as it is an important factor for combat capability of the armed forces. Those governments which have strong positions in the international market of commodities use a wide spectrum of non-economic tools for build-up and preservation of their own capabilities to manage global flows of commodities and thus increase and support their own national resource sovereignty. The same countries widely use their advantages in this sphere as a political instrument to motivate and push on their allies, neutral states, and opponents in various questions of international interactions. Doing so, they urge them to look for a compromise in negotiations or carry out a deliberate policy to shake undesired regimes. Those countries which have weak positions in the international market of commodities have to choose among two ‘bad alternatives’. The first one implies moving towards political compromises for the sake of resource sustainability of these states. The second one leads to problems with maintaining their target budget indicators, energy and food security, industrial sustainability and combat capacity of the armed forces.