Guarantees of the Right to Health in the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union

Aim. The study identifies the legal nature and structure of material and institutional guarantees of the right to health in the EU and the EAEU. Methods. The research uses formal legal, comparative legal and institutional legal methods, examines legal instruments and selected of the Court of Justice of the EU judgments, and identifies the limits of the EAEU Court’s jurisdiction. Results. The functional classification distinguishes material guarantees (normative and substantive, financial and economic, special, and information-related) from institutional guarantees (institutions, organisational and procedural mechanisms, judicial and quasi-judicial remedies, other non-judicial safeguards, and digital institutional mechanisms). In the EU, founding treaties and secondary legislation operate alongside case law, specialised bodies and programmes supporting national health systems. In the EAEU, guarantees develop primarily through medical product regulation, sanitary measures and healthcare entitlements of migrant workers. Conclusions. The EU represents a supranational model that preserves national responsibility for organising healthcare; the EAEU represents a coordination-regulatory model linked to economic integration. The scientific novelty lies in applying a common functional classification to both models and identifying differences in the substance of guarantees and in procedures for their implementation and protection.

1. Abashidze, A. Kh., Malichenko, V. S., Belousova, A. A., Semenova, N. S. International Legal Foundations of the Right to Health. Moscow : Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia, 2016. 325 p. ISBN 978-5-209-07189-1. (In Russ.) EDN: WXUBNZ

2. Abashidze, A., Malichenko, V. Ensuring Access to Medicines during the Development of Intellectual Property Rights Protection Mechanisms // Modern Law. 2013. No. 7. P. 155–157. (In Russ.) EDN: QIWUWL

3. Andreeva, L. V. The Normative Legal Basis for the Establishment of the Common Market of Medicines of the Eurasian Economic Union // International Cooperation Eurasian States: Politics, Economics, Law. 2016. No. 4 (9). P. 51–60. (In Russ.) EDN: ZBEVGH

4. Kalinichenko, P. A. The European Union: Law and Relations with Russia : monograph. Moscow : Norma : Infra-M, 2012. 272 p. ISBN 978-5-91768-286-0. (In Russ.) EDN: QPWVGT

5. Kashkin, S. Yu., Kalinichenko, P. A., Chetverikov, A. O. Law of the European Union : textbook. 5[th] ed., revised and expanded. Moscow : Yurait, 2024. 368 p. ISBN 978-5-534-17894-4. (In Russ.) EDN: KNLFNP

6. Lukashuk, I. I. International Law. General Part : textbook. 3rd ed., revised and expanded. Moscow : Wolters Kluwer, 2005. 432 p. ISBN 5-466-00103-1. (In Russ.) EDN: KDDFRV

7. Maleina, M. N. Man and Medicine in Modern Law : educational and practical guide. Moscow : BEK, 1995. 260 p. ISBN 5-85639-101-2. (In Russ.) EDN: TTGTKV.

8. Malichenko, V. S. International Law Regulation of Access to Health Technologies // Law. Journal of the Higher School of Economics. 2021. No. 5. P. 256–285. (In Russ.) EDN: EDSXDE. DOI: 10.17323/2072-8166.2021.5.256.285

9. Malichenko, V. S. Legal Convergence of the Regulation of Healthcare Technologies Circulation in International Law // Legal Studies. 2022. No. 5. P. 23–33. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.25136/2409-7136.2022.5.38064

10. Taube, A. А. Some Aspects of Legal Regulation of Circulation of Medicinal Products for Medical Use in the EU and the EAEU // Medical & pharmaceutical journal “Pulse”. 2019. Vol. 21, No. 10. P. 12–19. (In Russ.) EDN: ZKNDOY. DOI: 10.26787/nydha-2686-6838-2019-21-10-12-19

11. Tunkin, G. I. Theory of International Law / ed. by L. N. Shestakov. Moscow : Zertsalo, 2000. XVI, 397 p. ISBN 5-80780069-9. (In Russ.)

12. Shevyrev, D. N. Circulation of Medicines in Conditions of a General Consumer Market of the Eurasian Economic Union: Some Aspects of Public Management // Proceedings of Management Academy of the Ministry of the Interior of Russia. 2019. No. 3 (51). P. 138–144. (In Russ.) EDN: CWHFRQ

13. Burci, G. L., Toebes, B., eds. Research Handbook on Global Health Law. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar, 2018. 576 p. ISBN 978-1-78536-653-6. DOI: 10.4337/9781785366543

14. Clapham, A., Robinson, M., Mahon, C., Jerbi, S., eds. Realizing the Right to Health. Zürich : Rüffer & Rub, 2009. 572 p.

15. Gostin, L. O. Global Health Law. Cambridge (MA) : Harvard University Press, 2014. 560 p. ISBN 9780674728844. DOI: 10.4159/9780674369870

16. Harrington, J., Stuttaford, M., eds. Global Health and Human Rights: Legal and Philosophical Perspectives. London : Routledge, 2010. 232 p. ISBN 9780203850633. DOI: 10.4324/9780203850633

17. Hervey, T. K., McHale, J. V. European Union Health Law: Themes and Implications. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2015. 679 p. ISBN 9780511862410. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511862410

18. Hervey, T. K., McHale, J. V. Health Law and the European Union. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2004. 540 p. ISBN 9780511617553. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511617553

19. Sekalala, S. Soft Law and Global Health Problems: Lessons from Responses to HIV/AIDS, Malaria and Tuberculosis. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2017. XIV, 312 p. ISBN 9781107278950. DOI: 10.1017/9781107278950

20. Zuniga, J. M., Marks, S. P., Gostin, L. O., eds. Advancing the Human Right to Health. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2013. 482 p. ISBN 9780199661619. DOI: 10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199661619.001.0001