Russian Chinese Economic Cooperation: Transforming Political Will into Large-Scale Cooperation Projects.

Two Seventies.

Implementation and “interconnection” of large-scale supranational projects, such as the EEU and the BRI, require constant analysis of external and internal factors determining its development, immediate reaction and decisionmaking by the most active and large member countries participating in these initiatives — by Russia and China. This paper continues the research series being made by Russian-Chinese team under the guidance of the Counselor to the Russian President, academician of RAS Dr. Glaziev and Executive Dean of Chongyang Institute for Financial Studies at Renmin University of China, Professor Wang Wen. The paper’s purpose is promotion and practical assistance to conjugation between the EEU and the BRI. The methodology having been used in the research combines a wide range of methods: from general scientifi c ones, including a systematic approach to the investigation of conjugation processes, statistical and comparative analyses of the national economies’ achievements, etc., to specialized technique, such as modern tools of scientifi c diplomacy. We made assessment of the current state and identifi cation of key risks and problems of conjugation between the EEU and the BRI, offered recommendations for improving its effi ciency as well as raising quantitative and qualitative indicators of inter-countries interaction. Joint efforts of both sides formed authors’ Glossary which contains the basic terms, eliminating incorrect or false interpretation and deepening understanding of conjugation processes in the space of Eurasia. We reached a conclusion that despite the achievements in political collaboration of the countries, fi nancial and economic cooperation within the EEU and the BRI remains a sector with the greatest potential for development not only because of the bottlenecks’ availability, but also thanks to the opportunities being opened with transition to a new technological and world economic mode. Particular attention is paid to the development of conjugation strategy and joint creation of new world orderon the basis of broad Eurasian integration. The text of the article is presented in a technical translation on the original Russian Chinese report in English.

In recent years, China has gone through a rapid growth in digitalization of national economy, mainly in such areas as e-commerce, fi nancial technology, and manufacturing. Elements of the digital economy increasingly fulfi l the daily lives of citizens. The article is dealing with the phenomenon of digitalization of the economy in Chinese society. The administrative structure governing technological areas, and the regulatory legislative basis have been analyzed. The political, economic, social factors of digitalization growth and the problems restraining the digitalization process in China are underlined. Beijing aims to strengthen technological capabilities and achieve the level of developed countries. On this path, it is important to provide “analogue additions”, in particular, to improve legislation that provides innovation and competition, to bring the qualifications into line with the requirements of the new economy, to provide social guarantees.

The article discusses main approaches to the definition of cybercrime, nature and characteristics of cyberterrorism, that determine directions of counteracting. The necessity and urgency of cooperation within international organizations are determined by the global spread of this type of crime. Ensuring information security is one of the priorities of regional international organizations and the entire international community. International cooperation on cyber security must be systemic, integrated and consistent, but it will be effective and successful only with the participation of all states.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of International Treaties of 1969 over the fi fty years of its existence has become a symbol of the international legal order where the rule of law enshrined in multilateral agreements is dominant. The obligation of international treaties provisions, however, is constantly in doubt, as in the context of globalization, developed states adhere to their international obligations not under the fear of political sanctions, such as retorts and reprisals, but because of the need to maintain high reputation and authority on the international political field. The rationality of international agreements implementation at the national level is often criticized for the reason that, firstly, certain international obligations have become obsolete, and, secondly, any contractual limitation of state sovereignty is intended to achieve economic and/or political goals. Obviously, a unilateral withdrawal of a state from an international treaty is possible only on previously agreed terms, but the usual practice of fulfilling international obligations demonstrates that the content of the principle of pactasunt servanda depends largely on the interpretation of international law, dictated by the doctrine of constitutional justice and legislative policy of sovereign power.

The present article analyzes international legal sources of aquatic bioresources safety in the Caspian Sea. Because of intensive development of oil and gas fields in the Caspian Sea, poaching and sea level change there was a need of international legal mechanisms as for the protection of its flora and fauna implementation. More than for 25 years Russia, Iran, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan have worked over these mechanisms. Their activity in this field is complicated by differences in understanding of legal status of the Caspian Sea. But even in such conditions Caspian states have reached understanding concerning key moments of aquatic bioresources in the Caspian Sea.

The article analyzes such a modern form of network civic activity as “digital vigilance”. It proves that digital vigilance as a challenge to digitalization is an interdisciplinary problem, it requires both conceptualization and serious empirical research. This study addresses issues of relations between the state and citizens in a networked, digital society, especially the formation of network ethics and analysis of the perception of citizens of the digital public space.

The aim of this work is to analyze the Great Eurasian Partnership project as a logical continuation of the Great Eurasia project, together with the idea of a Greater Europe that has been proposed for more than a decade. The gradual abandonment of the geopolitical concept of «Greater Europe», in the context of which Europe was seen as the geopolitical bridgehead of the United States on the Eurasian continent. The expansion of Europe to the east was associated, in this case, not with the desire to raise the Eurasian distances to its own level, but as a means of consolidating the US's geopolitical success in Eurasia after the collapse of the Soviet Union. As an alternative, we should consider the project of a common economic space “from Lisbon to Vladivostok”, jointly developed by the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) and the Eurasian Development Bank (EDB). Particular attention during the joint implementation of the “Greater Eurasian Partnership” and “One Belt, One Way” projects highlights the need to address two key problems associated with global risks, in particular, environmental and geopolitical ones.

The purpose of this article is to examine the causes and consequences of the formation in a non-democratic state of the digital infrastructure of control and suppression of society. As a research method, a comparative case study was used in the interpretation of A. Lijphart and a cross-temporal comparison, as an analysis of dynamic changes in specific periods of time. It should be noted that the comparison here also serves as a special view at the political phenomenon (in this case, the use of digital technology in autocracies). The theoretical foundations of the emergence of modern autocracies and the reasons for increasing government attention to technology are considered. Specifi c examples consider the use of digital technologies to control society and strengthen the political regime of autocracies. Both political and socio-economic aspects of the functioning of modern authoritarian systems are revealed on the example of the China and the Philippines. At the end of the text is considered the probability of the spread of such practices in modern Russian Federation. Based on a theoretical and practical analysis, the authors come to the following conclusions: autocracies use digital technological infrastructure to form a system of control over citizens; the technological leader in the formation of such control systems is China, which exports elements of the technological infrastructure to other autocracies through state-owned corporations; In the Russian Federation, after a number of legislative changes in the information sphere, with the support of the China, elements of control over the internet and a system of big data collection subordinate to the state are being formed.

https://tass.ru/interviews/6644878 (09.07.2019)

Regulation on Trade and Economic Cooperation between the EAEU and China (as Amended by the EEC).

Short Line.

Tajik Expedition. Middle Asia.