The article reveals the theoretical position on the noospheric vocation of “Greater Eurasia” in the 21st century. Opposition to the “Big West” as a global imperialism system of the world financial capitalocracy on the part of Greater Eurasia acquires a noospheric and socialist “dimension” in the 21st century. Russia is called upon to head the Noosphere Breakthrough of humanity in the XXI century, as a Eurasian civilization, occupying an important place in the Greater Eurasia’s structure, and as the birthplace of the socialism first appearance in the world and the doctrine of the Biosphere transition into the Noosphere by V. I. Vernadsky, and as a center of stability and instability in the world. Greater Eurasia is called upon to become the “locomotive” of noospheresocialist transformations of the human existence foundations. The alternative to this is the death of mankind, which is market-capitalistic for reasons and ecological for foundations.

The article analyzes trends and factors in the dynamics of Kazakhstan’s mutual trade within the EAEU with an emphasis on imports and trade deficits. The aim is to identify the relationship between changes in the absolute and relative values of these parameters and the country’s membership in Eurasian integration organizations and with more general external factors. To achieve the aim, the volume, dynamics and share of imports and trade deficits are analyzed in the context of changes in the purchasing power of the population, world oil prices and volumes of Kazakhstan’s foreign trade with the rest of the world. Research methods: comparative analysis of time series, structural and correlation analysis. As a result of the analysis, a tendency was revealed for an increase in the imbalances in mutual trade of Kazakhstan during the EAEU existence, which, however, are far from historical highs, which does not allow us to conclude that there is a causal relationship between the country’s membership in this association and the aggravation of problems in mutual trade. On the other hand, it was revealed that significant shifts in the share of imports from the EAEU countries to Kazakhstan and the resulting changes in the trade deficit occurred during periods of significant shifts in the purchasing power of the population and are inversely proportional. The analysis made it possible to draw the following conclusions: the relative indicators of imports and trade deficits do not show growth after the creation of the EAEU; the main factor in the change in the share of imports to Kazakhstan from the EAEU is the dynamics of the currency equivalent of household income — the increase in the share of imports from the EAEU occurs during periods of decline in household income, and its decline during periods of their growth; the currency equivalent of income in Kazakhstan is closely correlated with world oil prices, that is, the dependence of the parameters of imports from the EAEU and the trade deficit is due to a more general factor in the external economic situation that affects the purchasing power of the population and business.

The paper analyzes the situation in the economy of Mongolia due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Particular attention is paid to the negative dynamics of living standards. The authors present two sociological surveys’ results of Darkhan-Uul aimak residents in Mongolia in May and August 2020. They have found that the economic downturn in this industrialized region has significantly affected the incomes of workers in various fields of activity and their families. The fall in the income level of the population affected more than two thirds of the population, about 10% of workers lost their jobs.

The article is devoted to the study of countering international extremist activity features, including the intensifying corresponding Internet threats. The author notes that in modern conditions, threats of extremism require an integrated approach at the national and international levels, more effective mobilization of state and interstate forces and resources (financial, information, etc.), including acts of blocking relevant contacts and illegal virtual resources. The article contains statistical data showing an increase in extremist threats, including the youth environment, and, accordingly, the need to intensify and expand measures to counter such negative phenomena.

The authors consider methods of legal regulation of crimes and types of international cooperation in the fight against them. The paper also highlights international measures aimed at implementing antiterrorist cooperation and combating illegal drug trafficking. The main goal is to determine the legal mechanisms for the prevention of these socially dangerous phenomena both at the local and interstate levels. The object of the research is the social relations that develop in connection with and about the peculiarities of crimes that infringe on international security. The subject of the research is the norms of modern Russian criminal law and the norms of international law. The scientific works of the authors listed in the references represent a solid theoretical and methodological basis for this research. However, research into the features of crimes should continue, since not all problematic issues in this area have been resolved. The author examines the concept, content and general features of international crimes that infringe on international security; defines the role of the UN (United Nations) and other organizations engaged in international legal regulation in the fight against international crimes; defines the features of the interstate organizations activities to prevent terrorism and illicit trafficking in narcotic and psychotropic substances. It is concluded that terrorism and illicit drug trafficking are most widespread among international crimes. The authors draw conclusions on the need to perform preventive activities aimed at preventing the Commission of international crimes, as well as on the implementation of a direct fight against such crimes through «detection, prevention, suppression, disclosure and investigation». Summarizing the authors’ points of view on the subject of criminal liability for acts of terrorism and drug trafficking, it should be noted that restraint measures, as well as strengthening responsibility measures, should be preceded by a set of preventive measures. It should also be understood that the effectiveness of anti-terrorist and anti-drug policies in the world, including in terms of the regulation of criminal liability measures, should be supported and approved by the population. To improve the legal structures of crimes that infringe on international security in the countries of the world community, it is necessary to positively perceive the international experience of various states in regulating measures of criminal responsibility and countering the spread of these acts.

The article is based on content and discourse analysis of the addresses of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly dated 12/01/2016, 03/01/2018, 02/20/2019, 01/15/2020. The aim of research is to analyze the concept of identity in the framework of Presidential Addresses and changes in the concepts of identity in dynamics. The general tendencies of considering the term “identity” in the framework of determining the identity of the Russian Federation are derived. The special relationship between the identity of the Russian Federation and the integration of the Russian Federation into integration spaces is considered. The Vladimir Putin’s statements regarding the integration of the Russian Federation into the Eurasian Economic Union are evaluated, since the Russian Federation identity, in the opinion of the President, is inextricably linked with the formation of the “Eurasian identity of the Russian Federation”, which in turn determines the direct relationship between the identity of the Russian Federation and the integration of the Russian Federation into the Eurasian Economic Union. The article defines the subjective factor of the Russian President, which reflects the personal nature of the President’s orders and proposals. The dynamics of changes in the formation of the Russian Federation identity is reflected according to the addresses of the President of the Russian Federation to the Federal Assembly, and also on the basis of the dynamics of changes in the identity of the Russian Federation, the general process orientation of developing the Russian Federation identity is reflected. The article characterizes the permanent nature of the formation of the identity of Russia. Now, the identity of Russia is perceived as a special construct that reflects the special position of the Russian Federation, both in historical development and in the international arena.

The article studies the role of cooperation between the Republic of Korea and Central Asian countries in the context of a continental strategy for Korea’s New Northern policy. The authors consider the main political discourses of the continental policy of the Republic of Korea, such as the problem of resolving the “Korean issue”, the problem of balancing interests in the East Asian region, and the problem of diversifying traditional partnerships. Korea’s foreign policy is interpreted within the framework of the “middle power” concept. An important part of the study is the analysis of cooperation between RoK and Central Asia both on a multilateral and bilateral basis. It is obvious that uneven two-way interaction of Korea with the Central Asian countries, encourages the RoK to implement specific projects relevant to the partners, at the same time, the RoK uses multilateral cooperation, to predict the cooperation prospects in the most relevant areas of cooperation — health, environment, digital policy. Attracting data of the current situation in the region and the world, the author notes important changes in the foreign policy of RoK, first of all, the ODA strengthening as an important tool for strengthening Korea in a specific region, as an important resource for solving problems of the pandemic COVID-19 impact. As the research result, the author comes to the conclusion that the implementation of the Eurasian vector in Korea’s foreign policy is a natural and necessary condition for the further development of Korea as a regional and global player. Cooperation with Central Asia is a priority resource for developing RoK’s international influence and an important component of the new Northern policy.

The article defines the basic methodological principles of the project “greater Eurasia”, involving the solution of the complex problems of the promotion of global security and sustainable world order in the “era of geopolitical tension” associated with the onset of “Globalization 2.0” at the initial stage of the sixth technological order, a revolutionary transition from “analog” to “digital era” at the beginning of the XXI century and the rethinking of anthropological values caused by the inclusion of the everyday life of modern human artificial intelligence — in the guise of an assistant, a controller of human behavior and actions, or a Chapek robot.

The purpose of this paper is to study the concepts and content of phobias in societies, to understand the differences between them, and to classify people’s fears. In their study, the authors use methods of the Humanities: philosophy, conflictology, historicism; data from sociological surveys of the population. The formation of fears in the life of any society occurs both under the influence of traditional views of people inherent in antiquity, and under the influence of the societal pattern as a whole — culture, civilization, as well as modern transformations related to ecology, climate, development of natural resources, security, Russophobia, fears of coronavirus, racism. The paper considers historical phobias in the Arctic as well. The problems of social phobias in the scientific literature have not yet received such a wide and deep study as in social phobia, Agora phobia, and specific phobias.

The growing integration processes in the Eurasian space confirm the geopolitical place and role of this region in modern international relations. Thus it becomes more important to understand the basic postulates of the Eurasianism concept for the development of national and geopolitical interests of Russia, as well as to study the process of evolution of the main provisions of classical Eurasianism in the foundations of modern Russian neo-Eurasianism, as well as to determine the main stages of this process.

The work is based on the analysis of publications of Russian neo-Eurasianism representatives, scientific works of foreign and domestic researchers of this phenomenon in the Russian political discourse.

The geopolitical vector of the Eurasian concept is becoming the most relevant at the present stage in the context of increased interest in the geopolitical discourse and research of interaction, the “clash of civilizations”.

For the modern Russian political discourse, the Eurasian theme has become one of the most promising foreign policy vectors. At present, we can observe how the theoretical concept of classic Eurasianism is reflected in Russia’s foreign policy. The Eurasian project began to be implemented from theory into political practice.

Review

Savin, L. Ordo Pluriversalis. Revival of the Multipolar World Order, Moscow : Publishing House “Oxygen”, 2020, 592 p.