The article is devoted to the analysis of the cognitive aspect of information and psychological confrontation in the Eurasian space, as well as to the study of the evolution of ideas that are currently commonly referred to by the term “information and psychological and cognitive confrontation”.

Aim. To identify the specifics of ensuring Eurasian security in the perspective of the concept of information-psychological and cognitive confrontation.

Tasks. To identify the information and psychological component in the CSTO collective security strategy, to analyze practical steps at the CSTO level in the field of countering destructive information influence, to determine the regulatory, political and organizational prerequisites for the formation of the CSTO collective information and psychological security system.

Methods. The research uses both general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, and a number of special methods and approaches: comparative analysis, methodology of critical geopolitics, content analysis, informational and historical approaches.

Results. The study showed that the formation of the modern concept of information-psychological and cognitive confrontation was significantly influenced by theoretical and applied research related to the understanding of the role of psychological operations and the use of special means of influencing the human psyche in modern military conflicts, as well as scientific developments in the field of studying modern methods of manipulation and propaganda, expanding the arsenal of means of hybrid conflicts, the weaponization of digital technologies, the emergence of new dimensions of international conflicts. Its subject includes systems and tools for the formation of public opinion, the peculiarities of human perception of information, as well as the whole range of methods and means of influencing public opinion and the psyche of an individual in peacetime and in combat conditions with the use of special information and psychological operations of strategic, tactical, operational level, as well as soft power tools.

Conclusions. Today, more and more countries of the world are paying increased attention to the issues of ensuring information and psychological security. The desire of the post-Soviet states to preserve the political, economic and socio-cultural ties developed during their life in a single state, within the framework of new integration formats, the CIS, the EAEU, the CSTO, is increasingly faced with the problem of choosing a vector of foreign policy. Therefore, combining national interests and collective efforts to develop and conceptualize a unified approach to ensuring information and psychological security at the level of the main Eurasian cooperation formats, such as the EAEU, the CSTO and the SCO, is a priority task in the modern conflict realities of world politics.

Modern geo-economic and geopolitical processes create a need to rethink the integration interaction between the republics of the former USSR, now — sovereign countries. This is due not only to the rapidly increasing instability of the global financial system, the growth of trade and economic contradictions between countries, but also to the possibility of using the previous experience of inter-republican industrial-technological and intellectual cooperation to achieve the goals of economic development.

Aim and tasks. The article’s main aim is to frame the technological and economic interaction between the former republics of the USSR in the new geo-economic and geopolitical conditions.

Methods. The methods applied includes empirical and statistical analysis, the use of consistency, the principles of scientific discussion, dialectical methods of cognition, such as the unity of the historical and logical, the principles of induction and deduction, the principle of the linkage between qualitative and quantitative characteristics, the unity of analysis and synthesis.

Results. The article highlights the features of the trajectory of the economic development of the former Soviet republics. The main problems associated with the transition to a “free market economy”, such as declining economies, population decrease, significant external debt, “Dutch disease” and deindustrialization of the economy, are identified.

Conclusion. In conclusion the need to develop a new economic policy in the countries of the former USSR is argued from the standpoint of increased instability in the external economic environment and the need to strengthen their national economies, but also by the loss of economic independence and the accumulation of problems during the period of building a “market economy”. Significant efforts are required to restore the economy of the former republics of the USSR. The strategic direction is the reindustrialization of the economy, that is, the restoration of the lost economic potential on a new industrial and technological basis. For the successful implementation of the goal of strengthening economic sovereignty, it is of great importance to unite the scientific, intellectual and educational potential of the former republics of the USSR and create a common technological space. This will inevita bly lead to the formation o f a new system of international division of labor in the post-Soviet space, which is the main feature of a market economy.

Regionalization and participation at the integration associations represent a typical way of national economic development. To be inside an integration process allows member states to address better their socio-economic problems and political coordination. The stability and resilience of integration associations are critical to their success. In this optic the integration associations may be subjects convergence and divergence. These phenomena may be envisaged in the income inequality of the participating countries.

Aim. To study the features and prospects of the socio-economic convergence within the EEU member states, the EEU strategic contour and within the main trends of integration processes in Eurasia.

Task. The tasks are following. The first one is to study the sustainability of the EEU and within its strategic contours formed by agreements on free trade zones through the convergent and divergent trends assessment. The second task is to conduct a comparative analysis of Eurasian integration to the European Union and ASEAN development.

Methods. Assess the level and dynamics of income inequality among the EEU states and samples of states with which the EEU has agreements on free trade zones, which are the CIS, Serbia, Vietnam, Iran and Singapore, as well as states with which such agreements are planned to be concluded in the near future. This list of the EEU’s prospect partners includes Egypt, Israel and India, based on the Gini index, using the European Union and ASEAN as reference parameters. Use calculations to interpret the processes of convergence and divergence of various types of integration processes.

Results. The estimates showed, in general, a significant interpretive potential of the interstate Gini index. The study particular results demonstrated that the EEU has a level of convergence comparable to the level of the EU before the accession of a large array of states in 2004. The level of convergence of the CIS, estimated using the Gini index, is comparable to the current level of the European Union. It was also revealed that both in the EU and in the CIS, the reduction in inequality over the selected analysis interval does not have a clear prospect. Calculations also showed the convergence of states within the EEU and its strategic contours to be sensitive to external shocks, while the convergence of ASEAN states is more directed.

Conclusions. The approach used by the authors to assess the convergence of integration processes based on the calculation of the interstate Gini index explains with sufficient completeness the reasons for the successful development of the EEU and its sustainability. At the same time, the use of the interstate Gini index for the analysis of convergence and divergence of integration processes made it possible to conclude that the integration models of the states of the Global North and the Global South are diverse.

The article examines the development of economic cooperation and trade exchange between Russia and Egypt over the past ten years. The most important joint projects of Russia and Egypt at the level of the public and private sectors, as well as the most important obstacles to expanding the scope of economic cooperation and trade exchange at the private sector level between the Egyptian and Russian parties are analyzed.

Aim. This study aims to monitor the various forms of economic cooperation between Egypt and Russia, since the history of these relations goes back more tha n two centuries, and currently Russia is considered one of the strongest economies in the world, one of the ten strongest economies in the world, according to the latest report from the International Monetary Fund, and is also the strongest economy in the Eurasian Union.

Tasks. Analysis of the most important economic projects in various sectors such as the agriculture and food sector, transport, free zones, energy and military cooperation, tourism between Egypt and the Russian Federation in the period from 2014 to the present, determining the degree of effectiveness of these joint projects and factors contributing to increase in the efficiency of the efficiency of the implementation of these projects and increase economic feasibility. Explore cross-culture barriers that hinder the establishment of closer contacts between the private businesses of both sides.

Methods. In this work, using the methods of logical and statistical analysis, factors were identified that contribute to the effectiveness of economic and investment interaction used in the implementation of projects aimed at bilateral development at the state level. The problems arising at the level of interaction between the private sectors of the economy of both countries were also noted.

Results. The study showed that economic projects between Egypt and the Russian Federation at the governmental level (governments, agencies, companies and public institutions) can still be considered essential for the Egyptian economy in order to achieve sustainable development, to which it aspires, but, on the contrary, for the private sector it is s till unsatisfactory and very small due to a group of intercultural obstacles, which, in our opinion, are not difficult to overcome.

Conclusions. It is advisable to consider aspects of cooperation between Egypt and Russia on a wider and more comprehensive scale than at present, and to use the opportunities available at the level of the public sector on a wider scale. With regard to trade cooperation at the private sector level, it is necessary to develop a plan to increase the volume of trade between the two countries, and it would be useful to enlist the support of the government authorities of the EEA countries.

The article discusses the features of the organization of sanatorium-resort complexes of the Russian Federation and the countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). The positive impact of the development of sanatorium-resort service systems on the preservation and development of human capital was noted. The authors analyze the possibilities and development trends of medical and health, including sanatorium-resort, tourism in Russia and in the territory of the CIS participating countries.

Aim. To determine the potential and promising directions for the development of health tourism (including sanatorium and medical) in the Eurasian space.

Tasks. To consider the stages of development of health and wellness tourism (including health, spa and medical) in Russia and the CIS member countries, to study the current state of the spa complex and natural healing resources in Russia and the CIS member countries, to analyze tourist flows in the Eurasian space.

Methods. The study used statistical data obtained from open sources, such as the Unified Interdepartmental Information and Statistical System, the official website of the Federal Agency for Tourism, the official websites of government agencies of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States, etc. sources. Standard scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, expertanalytical, structural-logical, modeling and forecasting methods were used to process the obtained initial data.

Results. The study showed that for integration in the field of health and wellness and sanatoriumresort tourism, it seems to us expedient to create a single information portal that combines information about natural healing resources, sanatorium-resort organizations, their profile, material and technical base and accommodation conditions (possibly with a booking function). This will create an information technology basis for further integration in the field under consideration. Within the framework of the same direction, the authors recommend taking measures to harmonize the forms and procedures for obtaining documents for sanatorium treatment (sanatorium cards), including electronic ones. Due to the fact that, subject to further development of integration processes in the considered area, the issue of staffing will become acute, in connection with which the authors propose to develop network master’s programs on the organization and management of health tourism (including medical tourism and sanatorium tourism), implemented on the basis of universities of the member countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States. At the same time, it is supposed to include in the competence of network master’s programs such competencies as knowledge of the profiles of sanatoriums, natural healing resources, balneology, the ability to use digital platforms in work.

Conclusions. During the period of “post-normality”, under the influence of the anti-Russian sanctions policy of the “collective West”, prerequisites arise for closer integration of the CIS countries in the field of health and wellness (including wellness, sanatorium and medical) tourism. In order to facilitate integration processes, it is proposed to create a single digital platform, unify information technology support, as well as develop network educational programs for the training of specialized personnel.

In the modern foreign economic conditions, the development of container shipping through the system of international transport corridors in the Eurasian space is one of the key aspects in order to improve the national transport complex and to ensure the economic sustainability of the federal subjects of Russia. The object of this research is the «Asia-Europe» segment of the container transportation market, the research subject is to make assessment of the feasibility of the container shipping routes diversification in Eurasia.

Aim. To consider the possibilities of the Russian transport system in conditions of restructuring supply chains and container shipping intensification through the international transport corridor “West — East”.

Tasks. To identify the directions of increasing the competitiveness of the Russian Federation container system; to determine the main routes of the ITC “West — East» system; to implement the statistical analysis of container shipping data in Russia; to complete the comparative analysis of container transportation through ITC “West — East” and through alternative routes in the “Asia — Europe” connection.

Methods. The collection of the data on the main ITC “West — East” routes in accordance with the following systems: Organisation for Cooperation between Railways (OSJD), Eurasian Development Bank (EDB), Directorate of International Transport Corridors (DITC), Russian Foreign Trade Academy (RFTA), Centr Ekonomiki Infrastruktury (CEK).

Results. The research of the relevant container shipping routes of Russian goods in the current industry conditions and the consideration of the main advantages of containerized cargo delivery routes diversification in the “Asia — Europe” connection were carried out.

Conclusions. The demand for container transportation routes passing through ITC “West — East” has increased in parallel with the process of cargo flows redirection. Diversification of containers delivery routes leads to significantly reduction of the transit time and support the development of the national transport system.

The article is devoted to Russian-Chinese tourism cooperation. It noted that this cooperation is a promising direction in the development of relations between Russia and China. The article examines the state of development of Russian-Chinese tourism cooperation, reveals the factors that attract Chinese tourists to Russia. It tells about the growing trend of Chinese interest in Russian tourist destinations. The article pays attention to the importance of the Russian-Chinese tourism forums held every year, as well as the importance of the “Visit Russia” tourism office. It talks about the successful work of the Russian tourism association “World Without Borders” and the Chinese Association of travel companies. The article reveals a number of unresolved problems in the development of the Russian-Chinese tourism industry, and also indicates the measures taken by the Russian and Chinese governments, which led to activity in the development of Russian-Chinese bilateral tourism. Prospects in the development of tourism in Russia and China, as well as measures to restore the tourism industry after the Covid-19 pandemic are considered.

Aim. To investigate present status and development of Russian-Chinese tourism.

Tasks. To analyze present status of development of Russian-Chinese relations in the field of tourism, to identify their features and problems; to find out opportunities of Russian tourism market focused on Chinese tourists and possible ways to develop tourism between two countries.

Methods. This article is created based on empirical methods such as comparative analysis, as well as theoretical research methods such as deduction, the method of historical analysis, statistical methods, general logical methods (analysis and synthesis).

Results. The research showed great importance of cooperation between Russia and China in the field of tourism for two countries. This cooperation contributes to the growth of incomes of local population due to creation of a large number of new jobs, the improvement of communication and information infrastructure and an increase in level of involvement of countries in globalization processes. The results of the research are based on the analysis of data obtained from various available sources, including official statistics.

Conclusion. The importance of cooperation between Russia and China in the field of tourism and in the development of both Russian and Chinese economies in the XXI century is great. It seems to us that it is the merit of both Russian and Chinese governments supporting development of partnership relations in the field of tourism.

The article assesses the need for a privacy right to be enshrined in the Russian civil law. In effect, the issue is whether time is ripe for the protection of a universal right that would cover all personal interests. Aim. To propose and substantiate civil law protection of the privacy by means of a single subjective right. Tasks. To submit the rationale for enshrining a universal personal right, to offer a concept of the privacy as a protectable legal asset, to respond to possible objections, to demonstrate advantages of a unified legal regime.

Methods. Alongside general scientific approaches, the methods used in the research include interpretation technique, comparative jurisprudence, applying assessment of law efficiency based on its concept as a way to harmonize private interests.

Results. While the idea of personal space is making its way to a greater identity in the minds of the Russian people, the civil legislation provides protection to such interests only in cases provided for by the law. However, the judicial protection of all personal interests by default outside the legal regime would be an inefficient solution. The author offers his own theory of privacy as a legal category. Apart of providing defense for any relevant interests, legal recognition of a single personal right will allow to identify features of protectability, to stipulate the exemptions, and make easier for the courts to deny protection in cases of abuse of the right.

Conclusions. The development of civil legislation is increasingly lagging behind the need in protection of personal interests. The author stands up for a single personal right to be enshrined in the law. The crucial test is whether such a right live up to expectations of the parties of relations in question, i.e. citizens of Russia, rather than the extent to which such a rule is recognized by other jurisdictions.

This study is aimed to determine current trends in the development of international legal regulation of the use of unmanned technologies in rail transport related to the implementation of digital services and technologies of Industry 4.0 both in the transport and logistics ecosystem of Russia and in the regional international transport systems.

Aim. To determine the level of development and effectiveness of the existing set of regulations governing the use of unmanned technologies in rail transport within the EAEC.

Tasks. To analyze the existing body of normative legal acts regulating the specified sphere, to identify gaps in the existing regulation of unmanned technologies in the railway transport.

Methods. Using the method of comparative legal analysis and the formal-legal method, this paper analyzes the existing legal regulation of unmanned technologies in rail transport within the EAEC, identifies the gaps in legislation and indicates the main directions of its development to create a regulatory framework that allows the effective regulation of the introduction and operation of unmanned technologies on the railroads of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Results. The study showed that at present the legal regulation of unmanned technologies in the railway transport is at the initial stage of development. The existing regulatory framework regulates automated and remote control technologies for railroad transport is insufficient, while the level of technology development in the railway sphere allows the introduction of unmanned locomotives to improve the level of competitiveness of the industry. Given the ongoing integration processes and the high level of interconnection between the transport and logistics systems of the EAEU member states, the development of a unified legal regulation of the use of unmanned technologies on the railroad should take place at the international level within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union. All the more so because technical regulations defining the requirements for the safe operation of rolling stock and railway infrastructure are currently being developed and implemented at the level of the EAEU. The experience of creating a unified approach to technical requirements in the industry is a positive basis for the formation of regulations for the introduction of innovations that meet the level of the technological mode of Industry 4.0.

Conclusion. The main directions for the development of legal regulation of the use of unmanned technologies should be to ensure the safety of the use of unmanned technologies by establishing criteria for their evaluation, testing and certification systems, as well as developing principles of liability for damage caused to life, health and property of third parties in the transportation process due to error, malfunction or imperfection of this kind of technology.

In the context of the development and expansion of the Eurasian Economic Union, the dynamically developing system of integration relations in the Eurasian space on the one hand, and the collapse of Russia’s economic integration in the European Union, the regulation of the institution of cross-border bankruptcy in the law of the EAEU are becoming particularly relevant and require urgent consideration of the issues of legal regulation of insolvency (bankruptcy) with a foreign element in the territory of the EAEU.

Aim. To reveal the main problems of legal regulation of cross-border insolvency in the Eurasian region.

Tasks. It is proposed to consider models of regulation of cross-border insolvency on the example of Regulation of the European Union No. 2015/848 of 20.05.2015. on insolvency proceedings and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Cross-Border Insolvency, to analyze the relevance of the considered sources of law, to present the main elements of the concept of development of regulation of cross-border insolvency in the EAEU.

Methods. The methodological basis of the research is based on a systematic approach and general scientific methods of retrospective analysis, comparative analysis, induction and deduction, generalization, grouping of information, comparative legal analysis of international law in the field of cross-border insolvency.

Results. The proposed approach by studying the established international practice of regulating insolvency cases with a foreign element, comparing the bankruptcy legislation of the EAEU countries, trends in the current international economic and political situation will solve the problems of forming sources of legal regulation of cross-border bankruptcies in the territory of the EAEU countries, the creation of the Eurasian Institute of Cross-Border Insolvency of a mixed model for the exequatur recognition of bankruptcies with a foreign element on the model of the UNCITRAL Model Law on CrossBorder Insolvency of 1997, with the procedure for determining international jurisdiction and applicable law - on the model of Regulation of the European Union No. 2015/848 of 20.05.2015.

Conclusion. The presence of clear, transparent, acts regulating cross-border bankruptcies on the territory of the EAEU as a whole, and not within the framework of local phenomena of individual insolvency proceedings with a foreign element on the territory of individual member states of the integration association is a guarantee of investor confidence, as a result — the spread of foreign direct investment, the opening of capital markets, the creation of supply chains and contractual networks, the creation and development of multinational enterprises, economic growth in the countries of the association, as well as the growth of the attractiveness of the EAEU for new member countries with a positive assessment of the prospects in case of accession.

The article discusses the activities carried out by the Chinese authorities and aimed at combating climate change on the planet. There are 3 areas: climate change mitigation, climate change adaptation and international cooperation.

Aim. To consider the procedural component of China’s climate policy.

Methods. The following methods were used: systems approach, secondary analysis of data on the research topic, generalization, synthesis, methods of comparison and chronology.

Results. The work describes important events in the history of the decision-making by the Chinese leadership on the implementation of climate policy in chronological order. The activities in the field of climate carried out by Beijing in 3 areas were considered. There are mitigation, adaptation and international. In the field of climate change mitigation, all measures are reduced to increasing the share of renewable energy in total energy generation, switching from coal to natural gas, building new nuclear power plants, stimulating the active use of energy-efficient vehicles, increasing forest plantations, developing green finance and a system of trading quotas for carbon emissions, etc. It is worth highlighting the creation of an integrated system of meteorological observations, the implementation of projects for the regulation and distribution of water resources, the construction of experimental cities, information support for the population on climate change issues among the measures to adapt to climate change. China is a participant in many international events dedicated to climate change issues, including as an investor, and it also concludes bilateral and multilateral agreements on the considering issue, including with the EAEU and Russia.

Conclusions. The predominant direction is climate change mitigation. The measures are mainly aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This is due to the need to ensure of the energy and environmental safety of China. Currently, China is recognized as one of the leaders in the development of a low-carbon economy. However, the country must switch to the path of “green” development, that is, to increase the share of renewable energy and nuclear energy in total energy generation and gradually to phase out the use of coal, oil and gas in order to achieve the goal of establishing carbon neutrality by 2060. 

The present study is devoted to the analysis of the process of formation at the CS TO level of a system of collective actions to ensure information and psychological security.

Aim. To substantiate the relevance of the formation of the information and psychological security system at the CSTO level.

Tasks. To identify the information and psychological component in the CSTO collective security strategy, to analyze practical steps at the CSTO level in the field of countering destructive information influence, to determine the regulatory, political and organizational prerequisites for the formation of the CSTO collective information and psychological security system.

Methods. In the study, the author used general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis. Special methods were also applied: comparative analysis, informational approach, neoinstitutional approach, critical discourse analysis and content analysis.

Results. The study showed that the issues of countering destructive information influence are given considerable attention in the CSTO strategic documents and a number of model laws adopted by the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly, in addition, the relevance of these issues is emphasized in joint statements following meetings in various formats.

The term “information and psychological security” is not used in official documents of the CSTO. Currently, issues related to the field of information and psychological security are conceptually included in the general list of tasks in the field of information security. Special attention is paid to countering malicious ideological and psychological influence on the Internet.

Today, the main subjects of practical activity in the field of ensuring the information security of the CSTO, including in the field of countering destructive information influence, are the power structures of the member states implementing special operations in the information space. However, taking into account the degree of penetration of Internet technologies and media messages of citizens of the CSTO member states, the effectiveness of such events is unlikely to be able to qualitatively change the situation. That is why it is necessary to create an integrated system of information and psychological security at the CSTO level.

Conclusions. In modern conditions of global competition, which have sharply escalated after the start of Russia’s Special Military Operation on the territory of Ukraine in February 2022, the formation of a unified system of collective actions at the CSTO level, providing, on the one hand, reliable protection from targeted malicious influence in the information environment, and on the other, forming a positive ideological and informational agenda of the community, is of particular relevance the historical path of development, the unity of economic and geopolitical tasks, the solution of which will make it possible to implement national development priorities as effectively as possible and ensure the collective security of the participating countries in the modern world.

In the conditions of the global crisis of the modern world order, the nation-state ceases to be a form adequate to the globalizing world, transforming into corporations-states, on the one hand, and into states-civilizations, on the other. This objectively leads to the transformation of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security, corresponding to the needs of transforming states and societies in the conditions of active confrontation of competing concepts of the future global world order.

Aim. Substantiation of the evolution of the concept of national security into the concept of civilizational security and identification of its essence.

Tasks. Identification of objective reasons for the evolution of security concepts, their differences and essence, development of proposals for the formation of the concept of Eurasian civilizational security.

Methods. The structural-functional approach, comparative-historical analysis, system analysis, generalization, synthesis were used.

Results. In the process of the development of the global crisis of the world order, there is a growing crisis of national states as a form of organization of societies. In parallel with the transformation of the nation-state into a corporation-state and a state-civilization, there is an objective process of formation of a new concept of civilizational security. The main objects of civilizational security are systems of civilizational values and civilizational identities that ensure the very existence of both civilizations and civilizational States.

Conclusions. The ess ence of civilizational security is the maintenance and defense by civilization of its identity based on its own system of values, its model of society and the state, its system of historical and spiritual coordinates.

Over the recent decade many developed countries took a new energy policy course, substituting fossil fuels with renewable energy sources (RES). The main driver behind it is the aspiration to achieve carbon neutrality by mid-century to prevent climate change. This trend was called “the fourth energy transition”. However, the European energy crisis that took place in September 2021 shows that such policies lead to a deadlock due to the lack of technological readiness to provide stable functioning of the energy system based only on renewable energy. Moreover, the politics of abandoning of fossil fuels results in a suboptimal outcome — use of energy resources with a higher carbon footprint (coal), which appear to be more price affordable during the crisis than natural gas. Recently, an increasing number of studies have appeared emphasizing the need for the Eurasian Economic Union countries to transition to a “green” economy. Analyzing the EU energy crisis, this paper attempts to propose an alternative way of sustainable development for the EAEU, which allows to ensure its energy security and is based on the use of carbon-neutral versions of traditional energy sources.

Aim. The aim of this research is to analyze the economic consequences of the overreliance on RES for the European energy market.

Tasks. The study has the following objectives.

1. To analyze the causes and course of the energy crisis of 2021 on the example of the EU countries and the UK.
2. To identify the consequences of the energy crisis for the EU countries and the UK.
3. To propose a solution to avoid the energy crisis in the EAEU countries.

Methods. Using a case study method and market data (TTF, Rotterdam coal and France power month ahead futures’ prices), the researchers demonstrate that rejection of hydrocarbons can lead to irreversible negative consequences for the energy system, especially with the absence of enough storage options.

Results. The data presented casts doubt on Europe’s readiness to achieve both zero-emission targets by 2050 and intermediate targets such as a 55% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions from 1990 levels by 2030. There are many questions about the prospects of the fourth energy transition - in its current form, its principles threaten existing energy systems without offering a reliable alternative.

Conclusions. The article concludes with a suggestion for policymakers to achieve climate goals with economically viable carbon-neutral versions of conventional hydrocarbon products (such as liquefied natural gas and oil).

Modern theoretical approaches to interpretations of the concepts “multilaterality”, “multipolarity”, “multi-vector foreign policy” are investigated. Features of multi-vector foreign policy are considered in the countries of the post-Soviet space.

Aim. Determine the basic theoretical and consider practical approaches to multilateralism in international relations.

Tasks. To identify the main differences in the interpretations of the concept of “multi-line” at the present stage. Determine the ratios between multilaterality and multipolarity. Formulate the main differences in views on the versatility between Western and developing countries. Consider the main manifestations of the multi-vector’s external policy of the countries of the post-Soviet space, paying attention to the EAEU countries.

Methods. The main place in the study was taken by the comparison method. Multilateity was seen as the principle of conducting international affairs and making decisions by the state; In other words, the foreign policy process. For this, the model of R. Patema was used, in which foreign policy decisions are made in the logic of a two-level game, with the domestic political and foreign policy levels. Multilateity is the factor of the second level. The factor of the first level is the manifestation of the socio-economic policy of the state.

Results. Modern theoretical and practical approaches to multilateralism have been investigated.

Conclusions. There are no uniform interpretations of the concept of multilaterality. The main differences are associated with a place that occupies the concept of “values”. Whether the values are the basis of multilaterality or vice versa — the versatility of the process of coming to common values. This is a fairly fundamental issue for multipolarity. Multipolarity can exist without multilateralism.

The centuries-old foreign policy in the conditions of the post-Soviet space contributes to the instability of states and leads to economic and political crises in these states.

The research is aimed at studying the process of establishment and development of Eurasian-Cuban partnership under new geopolitical conditions and its role in the emerging global economy and geopolitics. The author reviews the methodical work of Eurasian Economic Commission as well as the system-forming role of Russia in building a mutually beneficial partnership with the Republic of Cuba, the priorities of interaction and the factors of influence are defined.

Aim. To appraise significance and potential of the Cuban direction in the Eurasian Economic Union strategy in the context of the emerging multipolarity.

Tasks. To study the process of institutionalization of the Eurasian-Cuban partnership, main areas of cooperation, current trends and factors of influence, determining the prospects for interaction.

Methods. A combination of general scientific theoretical and special methods is used. The method of comparative analysis and the logical method are of prime importance. When working with regulatory and legislative sources, the normative method is used.

Results. The potential of EAEU — Cuba relations has not been implemented yet; there are clear disproportions between the member countries; and the growing role of Chinese factor in the context of Eurasian-Cuban relations requires due consideration.

Conclusion. Effective coordination within EAEU — Cuba — China can provide joint implementation of global challenges targeted at states’ sustainable development under the formation of a multipolar world order.