This study is aimed at understanding the current state of trade and economic cooperation between the Eurasian Economic Union member states and China and developing a progressive course towards its further intensification through integration advantages of the EAEU.

Aim. Offer a new format for deeper economic cooperation between the EAEU and the PRK in accordance with the current global and regional development situation.

Tasks. Assess the current state of cooperation between the EAEU member states and the PRC, with an emphasis on the trade and economic sphere, and highlight its strengths and weaknesses. Analyze practical examples of the implementation of bilateral and multilateral projects. Formulate the most promising areas for deepening partnership between the EAEU and China, structure and summarize them. Offer an effective way of comprehensive legal regulation of ãhe new format of cooperation.

Methods. Various general scientific and special methods are used, among which are analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, as well as descriptive research, system-functional and institutional methods. The comparative legal method was of particular importance.

Results. Based on the analysis, a comprehensive understanding of the existing directions of cooperation between the EAEU member states and the PRC is submitted. Conclusions are drawn regarding the current model of conjugation of the Eurasian integration and the “One Belt — One Road” initiative. The most promising areas for joint efforts of the parties have been identified: investment partnership, cooperation in the financial and transport and logistics spheres, cooperation projects in the field of high tech. A mechanism of legal regulation (two-level conjugation model) for transferring cooperation between the EAEU and China to a new institutional level is presented.

Conclusions. Transformation of the model of conjugation of the Eurasian integration and the “One Belt — One Road” initiative from the «5+1» format to the «1+1» format will contribute to the formation of a new dimension of cooperation between the EAEU and the PRC: Partnership in the Self-sufficiency Interests.

The relevance of the research topic is due to both role and importance of cooperation between the countries of the BRICS Forum aimed at the formation of a new architecture of a multipolar, polycentric world in the framework of the simultaneous deployment of a real war for the Arctic.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to study tracks of Arctic cooperation in the BRICS format, the most promising of which are the mineral and touristic-recreational tracks.

Tasks. The research objectives are as follows: to consider the existing formats of cooperation in the Arctic; to assess the current state and prospects for interaction between the countries of the BRICS Forum towards the implementation of the “Arctic” agenda; to characterize the promising tracks of the BRICS Arctic cooperation; to formulate proposals for authorities and administrations for improving the effectiveness of BRICS cooperation on promising Arctic tracks.

Methods. Methodological basis and research methods are as follows: systematic approach, logical analysis, synthesis; content analysis of open sources of information.

Results. The results obtained herein are as follows: the most promising tracks of the BRICS Arctic partnership are the mineral resource and touristic-recreational tracks; Arctic mega-projects require a search for multilateral formats, and partnerships with companies from China and India seem to be the most promising.

Conclusions. Main conclusions: it is necessary to carry out a technical and economic analysis of the current state of the mineral resource base of the Russian Federation and to update the component “demanded wealth of subsoil”; in order to develop tourism in remote, sparsely populated regions of Russia with both poorly developed tourist infrastructure and problematic logistics, it is advisable to revise the national project “Tourism and hospitality industry” and to separate the segment “Arctic tourism” into a distinct unit.

The new conditions for the implementation of economic activity at the national and international levels require the accelerated formation of sovereignty in critical areas, one of which is financial. The formation of full-fledged financial sovereignty is relevant for all states of Greater Eurasia, and therefore it is advisable to implement this task through joint and coordinated efforts within the framework of a broad Eurasian partnership.

Aim. Find out the most promising areas for the formation of financial sovereignty within the framework of a large Eurasian partnership.

Methods. A comprehensive analysis of the causes and conditions for the dependence of national economies on external financial systems, a comparative analysis of the factors of Western components dominance in the global financial architecture.

Results. The main directions of the formation of the financial sovereignty for the countries of Greater Eurasia on the basis of increasing the level of independence of national financial systems from the Western infrastructure of the financial sector are identified. The most promising methods for achieving this goal are proposed based on the creation of new types of reserve assets within the framework of a large Eurasian partnership, which are an alternative to debt obligations of the United States and European countries, as well as the formation of an integrated system for financial instruments trading by the countries of Greater Eurasia.

Conclusions. The growing economic confront ation between the West and a number of the largest economies of Greater Eurasia is extremely relevant to the problem of the formation of real financial sovereignty, the achievement of which requires new approaches, the creation of a number of specialized institutions and large-scale cooperation between the leading economic centers of the continent in order to deepen the integration of national financial systems and markets.

The development of integration within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Union actualizes the issue of regulation of pension relations. The adoption of the Agreement on Pension Provision laid the foundations for international cooperation in the field of pension provision. However, significant institutional differences in national pension systems may hinder the effective implementation of oldage pension provision.

Aim. To investigate the possibilities and difficulties of international cooperation in the pension sphere in the context of national differences in old-age pension provision in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Tasks. To consider the national pension systems in terms of old-age pensions in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union and conduct their comparative analysis; to show the features of international regulation of old-age pensions in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Methods. In this work, the method of statistical data analysis was used to identify the features of the national old–age pension provision, comparative analysis — when comparing national pension systems in terms of old-age pensions, as well as the method of expert assessments when identifying difficulties of international cooperation in the pension sector.

Results. Institutional features of old-age pension systems in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union have been found. The grounds for international regulation of old-age pensions are revealed. Difficulties in the formation of pension rights of citizens of the Union countries have been found.

Conclusions. The countries of the Eurasian Union faced similar economic and demographic challenges. Pension reforms have resulted in the design of pension systems with national institutional differences, which can become causes of social injustice and pension inequality.

Aim. Taking into account the above, the purpose of the study was to analyze the patterns of development of the social policy of the Russian Federation, the republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, to consider their weaknesses and points of growth in order to identify the potential for strengthening integration ties based on the unification of social development tools.

Task. To analyze various areas of social life of the EAEU member countries, identify similarities in development trends in order to create a basis for the formation of unified socio-economic transformations. To demonstrate social tools for the development of «transinstitutional interaction» within the boundaries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Methods. The following methods were used i n the article: comparative an alysis — to compare the effectiveness of social policy instruments in the EAEU countries. The novelty lies in the improvement of the integration processes of the Eurasian integration countries with the help of the proposed author’s approach to unify the social policies of the EAEU member countries on the basis of “transinstitutional cooperation”.

Results. A comprehensive analysis of social policy instruments (migration, youth, labor, housing, etc.) of all participants in the Eurasian integration was carried out. Recommendations are proposed for improving social tools within the framework of “transinstitutional cooperation” of the EAEU states.

Conclusion. The analysis of the instruments of social policy laid down the priorities in the development of the mechanisms of “transinstitutional cooperation” by the members of the EAEU, expressed in the author’s recommendations in this study. The Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan should focus on developing a unified strategy for youth and migration policies. The Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus should focus on population aging, providing older citizens with pension savings, and encouraging the development of family and motherhood institutions. This is disclosed in more detail in separate blocks of the study devoted to specific areas of social development of the EAEU countries.

This study is aimed at studying human potential, its development and implementation in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Taking into account the commitments made by the countries of the Union to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in accordance with Agenda 2030 and under sanctions pressure from hostile countries.

Aim. To present the human potential of the integration association as a complex phenomenon of the socio-economic relations of the integrating countries, as well as to identify the emerging risks and offer practical recommendations for reproducing the human potential within the EAEU.

Tasks. To trace the dynamics of indicators of development and realization of human potential in each country of the EAEU and the aggregate human potential of the EAEU, to reveal the features of reproduction of human potential by dividing it into qualitative and functional forms, to identify modern risks for reproduction of human potential of the EAEU and new opportunities for development.

Methods. To compare indicators of human development of the EAEU countries, the method of comparative analysis is used. In the part of the human potential of the EAEU, it is proposed to take into account new risks for ensuring sustainable human development in the integration association, which make it possible to make methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and statistical method.

Results. Based on the analysis of the dynamics of development of such forms of human potential as health potential, educational potential and labor potential, accumulated problems, modern challenges and risks for reproduction of human potential of each EAEU country.

Conclusion. The EAEU can no longer remain only an economic integration project, and it is time to expand the horizons of interaction between countries, including on the sphere of development and the realization of human potential. By taking into account new risks, countries need to coordinate the directions of development of the EAEU’s total human potential within the framework of commitments to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals in accordance with Agenda 2030 and under the conditions of ongoing sanctions pressure from hostile countries.

The study of the Institute of Customs Control is part of international integration processes. Under the rapidly changing international world facts, the international trade turnover in some directions is decreasing, and in others it is increasing at times, which affects the economy of all countries, their compliance with modern trends, part of all these processes is customs control, as one of the types of control at the state border, requiring the national security of states. The article compares the institute of customs control in the EAEU and the EU. On this basis, a comparison is made according to a number of criteria and key features. The legal regime of goods under customs control, its beginning, completion and correlation with other customs institutions are investigated. The general competence of customs authorities in the field of customs control is commented on. The circumstances of the goods being under customs control in accordance with the legislation of the EAEU and the EU on customs regulation are analyzed. As a result of comparing the institute of customs control in the EAEU and the EU, both similar and different features were identified. The comparison showed a mixed picture, since the two associations are at different stages of political and economic development, and are also characterized by different historical and geographical features.

Aim. Study of the main criteria of the Customs Control Institute in the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union.

Tasks. Characteristics of the economic unions of the EAEU and the EU, as well as the study of forms of customs control in the EAEU and disclosure of customs control in the EU.

Methods. Comparative legal analysis of international, supranational and customs law, as well as the study and analysis of popular science literature, description and generalization of the material in the process of research.

Results. The protection of the security of the State is directly related to economic activity, namely, with the constantly flowing and increasing pace of international trade. States, uniting in unions, form a single legal field in which they create a regulatory framework. The EU introduced the institute of customs control earlier than the EAEU, since the EAEU relied on European experience when creating legislation regulating the customs area. With this in mind, this institute has similar goals and elements of the purpose of its conduct and holding.

Conclusion. Actively developing integration processes lead to an increase in world trade turnover and increased control at interstate borders. Every state, and with it the unions, strive for safe and fast trade. Many elements become such tools, one of them is customs control. An institution that  controls the legality, security and mutual cooperation of customs authorities and participants in foreign economic activity.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the concept of Eurasian economic solidarity in the context of the practice of the court of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Tasks. The objectives of the study are: highlighting the sign of publicity in the context of economic integration; analysis of existing scientific and normative approaches to solidarity; substantiation of Eurasian economic solidarity as a principle and value of economic interaction, formed, inter alia, through judicial practice.

Methods. The following methods were used: institutional analysis, comparative analysis, system analysis — to substantiate the sign of publicity in the context of economic integration, to characterize the Eurasian economic solidarity as a principle and value of economic interaction within the framework of the common economic space of the EAEU, to highlight the practice of the EAEU court as a factor in the formation of the Eurasian economic solidarity. The method of formal-logical analysis was also used — in clarifying the concepts of “solidarity” and “economic solidarity”.

Results. Firstly, the activity of the EAEU Court reflects international or integration normative control, which is an integral part of public control and supervision in the conditions of integration. In the context of economic integration, the sign of “publicity” in relation to control and supervision as basic management functions is naturally supplemented by an integration level. Secondly, the supranational bodies of the EAEU, including the Court of the EAEU, are able to form and ensure economic solidarity in the context of Eurasian integration. Thirdly, Eurasian economic solidarity is seen as the principle and value of economic interaction within the framework of a single economic territory.

Conclusions. Eurasian economic solidarity is based on economic unity, but is not conditioned by it. It is formed in the processes of integration rule-making and law enforcement. Eurasian economic solidarity is closely connected with other types of solidarity: ethnic, social, etc. Dispute resolution and interpretation by the EAEU Court act as a means of forming common economic positions within the EAEU. The EAEU Court has a sufficient and not fully realized potential to influence the development of Eurasian integration, including by stimulating the development of Eurasian economic solidarity. Equal access of economic entities of the EAEU member states to justice for the protection of economic rights is a condition for Eurasian economic solidarity.

This article deals with modern actual international legal problems of ecological and nuclear law. In the frames of conducted research the special emphasis was made on, that in the modern interstate system is required a new codification of common international law norms, as well as initiation of the process of regional rulemaking.

Aim. The main intention of research is search for solutions the problems protecting the environment from radioactive contamination in the context of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the epoch of modern international relations.

Tasks. To determine the relevance and specificity the actual international legal problems of protecting the environment from radioactive contamination in the context of increasing the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the 21th century.

Methods. Within the framework of this study, using the methods of studying normative legal acts and international legal doctrines, as well as content analysis, the features of the functioning of the mechanism of international legal regulation in the field of environmental protection from radioactive contamination are revealed.

Results. During the study, the author concludes, that in the light of today’s threats and challenges, it is necessary to try to develop legally significant ways out of the crisis associated with solving international legal environmental problems of preventing nuclear damage, as well as eliminating and reducing the negative consequences of its impact on the state of the natural environment. On of the justified ways to solve threes problems is the reform of international legal consciousness in general and in the areas of international environment law and nuclear law, in particular. In the modern interstate system, it seem that a new codification of the norms of general international law is to required, as well as the initiation of a process of regional law-making.

Conclusion. Summing up the results of the study, the author of investigation gives his findings and conclusions regarding the resolution of these problems in this area of international legal regulation. In particular, the article determines the validity of the assertion that in the context of modern threats and exports to international peace and security in the 21st century, a qualitative renewal of international legal consciousness, its enrichment and nourishment with new scientific ideas and well-thought-out concepts that can bring international law out of crisis since the legal consciousness that exists today does not meet modern realities and, relying on it, it will be extremely difficult to ensure the effectiveness of the well-coordinated work out of international interstate system.

The gradual segmentation of the sphere of public regulation is a question that constantly arises, since the growing needs of a person require the provision of a greater number of guarantees already on behalf of the state. The presence of a stable and often conservative system of judiciary organizations is not fully compatible with the ever-increasing volume of cases, the complexity of which is also naturally increasing. Within the framework of the post-Soviet space, such a topic as mediation is still a little-studied area, and therefore requires detailed study, including from the position of searching for current development trends.

Aim. Using the example of a legal system integrated into the single social and economic space of the EAEU, but nevertheless differing in content from Russian legislation, to determine a promising vector for the development of the region (and thus the domestic regulatory framework) in matters of mediation.

Tasks. The article discusses the current state and problems of the institution of mediation in the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account the main international and national documents.

Methods. Elements of comparative and systematic approaches were used in the work, within the framework of which general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction and induction were used.

Results. Based on the results of the study, it is noted that it is possible to develop an interstate dialogue on the formation of the institution of mediation, taking into account the cumulative interaction between the mechanisms of the CIS and the EAEU, as well as the ideological component of the Singapore Convention 2018.

Conclusions. In full terms, when determining the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan, it is impossible to operate exclusively with national normative sources. The involvement of the state in international processes, as well as the desire to adapt a greater number of “conciliation” procedures, lead to a unique context in which mediation has its own special conceptual and functional features, but is also limited by the existence of other forms of alternative dispute resolution. Despite the existing debatable provisions, it should be recognized that the experience of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the issue of mediation is sufficiently developed and can be used as the basis for the subsequent harmonization of the legal systems of the EAEU member states.

This study discusses the extra-regional influence and scenarios for the development of regional integration of the countries of the Association of States Southeast Asia (ASEAN), in particular, the role of the future free trade agreement between the EAEU and Indonesia in maintaining the effect of convergence in Southeast Asia (Southeast Asia) in the horizon of 2025.

Aim. To Determine the main trends in the development of extra-regional influence and forecasts for regional economic convergence in ASEAN countries by 2025.

Tasks. Determine the trends and perspective scenarios for the development of the integration of the countries of Southeast Asia.

Methods. Both the descriptive method and the system analysis method are used. Also, this study uses the approaches of the Eurasian Development Bank to assess the disproportion in the level of development of the ASEAN countries (macroeconomic indicators; in the analysis of time series of GDP, GDP per capita for ASEAN countries, the Box-Jenkins methodology (ARIMA) is used. The key concept in this study is convergence. Convergence is seen as the process of approaching a certain level or decreasing the difference between two values over time [7]; real convergence contributes to the convergence of the economic level of countries within an integrated group (differences in the economic levels of development of countries hinder the process of integration). The effect of real economic convergence for ASEAN countries in the future 2025 can take on different meanings depending on the implementation of the initiatives proposed by non-regional actors (for example, Indo-Pacific Economic Structure and FTA between the EAEU and Indonesia).

Results. The results of the study present four probability-ranked scenarios for the development of regional economic convergence in the ASEAN countries. It has been established that the most likely scenario is one in which the initiative of the EAEU and the Republic of Indonesia will take place, while the Indo-Pacific Economic Structure proposed by the United States will not be implemented by 2025. In this case, regional economic convergence in the ASEAN countries may take on the most favorable meaning.

Conclusions. Along with the global trend, the expansion of economic integration through the creation of free trade zones with other integration associations, the development of economic integration in the region is influenced by the rivalry between the People’s Republic of China and the United States of America. Looking forward to the mid-second half of the 2020s. years as a result, the adoption of a free trade agreement between the EAEU countries and the Republic of Indonesia will have a positive impact on the increase in the pace of regional economic convergence in Southeast Asia.

This research is aimed at studying the development of cities and agglomerations, which is an urgent problem equally for the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation. The level of urbanization increases with the development of territories, which makes it necessary to comprehend the processes taking place in urbanized regions and make management decisions to improve the quality of life and equalize it throughout the territory. Within the framework of these processes, the role of core cities remains, which are the centres of preferential development for the entire urban system as a whole.

Aim. Comparative analysis of development trends in urbanized regions of China and Russia.

Tasks. To analyse the main parameters of the quality of life in large cities of Russia and China. To consider the main trends in the development of urban agglomerations in the direction of its alignment. To determine the development and possibilities of mutual use of the experience of both countries in this process.

Methods. The study uses a systematic approach with elements of a structural and functional approach and a comparative research method.

Results and conclusion. As the main trends in the development of urbanized regions of Russia and China, the following are highlighted: the growth of the scale of territories and the concentration of a significant population on them, the associated aggravation of a number of problems, such as increasing competition in the integrated labour market, standardization and unification of the p rovision of basic services, increasing burden on local budgets and often limiting the autonomy of municipalities, the need to improve transport systems to increase the mobility of the population throughout the territory of the agglomeration.

Aim. Identify economic and political factors that are beneficial to Iran — EAEU relations.

Tasks. Identify the prerequisites of the economic and political point of view, both in history and at the present stage, which would explain the prospects for rapprochement between Iran and the Eurasian Economic Union.

Methods. The methods of scientific research in the work should include analysis (to understand the impact of historical events in Iran), as well as the deductive method and synthesis, which will allow to identify a set of factors affecting the improvement of relations between Iran and the EAEU.

Results. The “White Revolution” promoted by the West in Iran was not viable and eventually pushed Iran to cho ose a more original way and ways of international cooperation, taking into account national specificity or following the policy of non-interference, which becomes the integration within the EAEU. Another favorable political aspect for Iran is cooperation with Russia , which strengthens confidence that the coun try will not be influenced by political activities and is based on mutual respect and equality. The current economic agreements demonstrate mutual willingness to develop the existing economic relations, as well as have a positive impact on foreign trade and allow taking into account each other’s mutual interests in economic terms, and contribute to the resolution of certain problems.

Conclusion. In view of the considered political and economic factors, the rapprochement between Iran and the EAEU can indeed be considered a promising and relevant political trend, despite the existing obstacles. Both sides are positive about strengthening their relations, so it is important to continue working to remove the existing obstacles to the development of cooperation.

The scientific article is devoted to current issues - the study of the development of nation-building and the unique model of interethnic and interfaith relations in Kazakhstan.

Aim. To propose a periodization of the main stages of transformational and socio-political processes of nation-building in the Republic of Kazakhstan, at each of which the corresponding regulatory legal acts of their legitimization were adopted.

Tasks. To analyze the periods of development of nation-building, changes in the sphere of interethnic relations in the republic over the years of independence, in accordance with the constitutional reform approved in a popular referendum on June 5, 2022. Conduct a political analysis of the transformation into the socio-political practice of the fundamental principle of the Basic Law of the country — “public harmony” and in general in the regulation of interethnic relations.

Methods. To substantiate the results of the study, a variety of scientific methods were used, reflecting the peculiarities of the development of national development. Taking into account the specifics of ethno-political and integration processes in the social and regional context, determining their nature, comparative analysis, prolegomens, communication platforms and social networks were used. The methods of crowdsourcing, forsyth, road map are widely used.

Results. The management of ethno-professional processes is undoubtedly one of the most important aspects of the functioning of the State and the tasks of society. The competent definition of problem areas allows for the development of preventive measures and the avoidance of both inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic tensions and the minimization of negative impact on the development of State and religious relations. The proposed recommendations will improve the mechanisms and tools of ethno-political management in State national policy, consolidate the model of social harmony and national unity in political documents and legislative practice.

Conclusions. The effective Kazakh model of ethno-confessional harmony is based on two main components: popular representation as a reflection of the political integration of Kazakhstanis and coverage of the entire spectrum of legal ethnicities and confessions in socio-political processes. The creation and activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, during the years of independence, as a key socio-political structure in national politics, acts as an instrument of direct democracy and is, in fact, a people’s representation.

For the further development of Russian-Chinese cooperation, it is fundamentally important to understand fully the specific characteristics of the political, economic and social system of this country, which, in particular, is determined by the established system of the state — business relations.

Aim. To identify the specifics of the model of relations between government and business, which has developed in the PRC during the period of economic reforms and is one of the most important aspects of the “Chinese miracle”.

Tasks. To determine the applicability of Western models of state and business relations to Chinese realities, to characterize the main basic principles and approaches to the regulation of relations between the state and business, to identify problems, contradictions and prospects for their resolution in the conditions of modern China.

Methods. System and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments.

Results. The specific characteristics of the state-business relations model in the country are determined, on the one hand, by the polymorphous nature of the Chinese state, on the other — by the formation of business as a hybrid actor. In this regard, it is, in our opinion, incorrect to see the state-business relations in China as uniform or dominated by a specific form of interaction. In reality, these relations are heterogeneous and vary not only depending on regions and sectors, but also “uneven” across different types of business actors within the same sector and/or region, as a result of which different types of businesses have different degrees of closeness to the state and subnational authorities.

Conclusion. The system, historically formed under the influence of decisions and actions of the ruling party at various stages of the development of modern Chinese statehood, despite its complexity and often confusion, nevertheless allows the government to maneuver flexibly in the situations of serious economic and financial shocks caused by both economic and socio-political factors.

The research is aimed at s tudying the works of Chinese authors on the influence of globalism on Chinese culture.

Aim. To identify the peculiarities of the interpretation of Chinese researchers of the influence of modern global processes on traditional Chinese culture.

Tasks. To determine the techniques used by Chinese authors in the interpretation of globalization and its impact on traditional Chinese culture.

Methods. Historical, political, and sociological research methods were used to determine the specifics of the Chinese understanding of global processes and their impact on culture.

Results. Chinese researchers adhere to the position that explains that diversity and the unity of culture are two inseparable aspects of the development of cultural diversity in the modern world. Therefore, in the context of globalization, it is necessary not only to adhere to the principle of the unity of culture as a universal phenomenon, but also to increase tolerance for cultural diversity, based on the principle of preserving each original culture, which, to varying degrees, are today affected by globalization processes.

Conclusions. For Chinese researchers in the context of globalization, the problem of cultural diversity, firstly, is an important universal factor that must be preserved. Secondly, the diversity of cultures is a condition for preserving one’s own, Chinese traditional culture. Thirdly, traditional Chinese culture in modern China has become a new ideology in state administration, which contributes to the modernization of the country. Fourth, the preservation and development of traditional Chinese culture has a positive effect on China’s rapid economic growth.