Aim. Analyze three options for the development and construction of the Eurasian space (Russian, Chinese and Turkic) and identify the advantages and risks associated with both the expansion of integration processes and external influence on states that are members of coalitions of the nonWestern world.
Tasks. To trace the evolution of supranational structural formations in the Eurasian space after the collapse of the Soviet Union and their appearance in declarations, agreements and other legal documents, starting with statements about “the formation and development of a common economic space, pan-European and Eurasian markets”.
To identify the characteristic features of globalization of all spheres of human existence, which has given rise to the need to understand the “landscape of global risks”, “global existential catastrophe” as an event leading “to the end of the existence of our descendants”, which together determined the transition to the formation of nation states, geopolitical and geo-economic coalitions in the Greater Eurasia space (“Central Asian Five”, EEAS, SCO, CSTO, UTC).
Results. The concept of three main projects for the construction of Greater Eurasia is substantiated: Russian, based on the revival of the Eurasian ideology of N. S. Trubetskoy, P. N. Savitsky and G. V. Vernadsky; the Chinese “Belt and Road”, aimed at transforming the idea of the Great Silk Road into a Community of a Common Destiny for Humanity; Turkic, claiming to recreate the Turkic civilization with the goal of “bringing world civilizations closer together” on the Eurasian continent.
The author’s position is argued regarding the need to ensure coplanarity and unidirectionality of the three vectors of implementation of Eurasian projects with the consistency of political decisions and actions of the three poles of power in the Greater Eurasian space — Russia, China and Turkey.
Conclusions. Currently, the coordination of political decisions and actions of the three poles of power in the Greater Eurasian space, taking into account the principles of convergence of national interests in interstate unions, global geopolitical processes of multi-agent interaction and global security strategy in a polycentric world, is becoming relevant.

Aim. An overview analysis of the prospects for trade and economic relations in the EAEU, the SCO countries and other interested states, coupled with interests in the geo-economic and geopolitical Eurasian space in the conditions of artificial escalation of local tensions by the collective West.
Tasks. Search and evaluation of optimal routes for the development of traditional and new transport and logistics highways, their branched corridors from the perspective of strengthening economic integration agreements, security and interaction of the Eurasian Union with the SCO countries.
Methods. The article uses methodological tools of spatial economics, economic, geographical and geopolitical analysis of the interests of states, analysis and synthesis of interests and synergy of interests of the participating states of global Eurasian projects.
Conclusions. The study showed the possibilities of new and old transport magistral (the highway) systems (TMS), both through Kazakhstan and through the development of a unique alternative — the Northern Sea Route (NSR) with the construction of a completely new infrastructure and their maintenance. The issues of TMS on the BAM and Trans-Siberian railway were touched upon. An assessment of alternatives to TMS in terms of cost and time is given. The potential opportunities of the expanding TMS and cargo traffic along the Caspian-Caspian corridor, both overland from the east (Turkmenistan — Kazakhstan — Russia) and the western shore of the Caspian Sea (Iran — Azerbaijan — Russia), as well as along waterways along the same “North — South” corridor, are indicated.
Results. An assessment of effective routes has been carried out; strategic objectives have been identified for newly opened transport and logistics highways, which are defined as “new lye routes” through the territories of the EAEU and neighboring interested states (China, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, etc.), which gradually plan to enter into closer relations from participating observers relations in the international division of labor.

Aim. To determine the general state of Russia’s high-tech exports in the following areas: the relationship with other sectors of the economy and with the dynamics of GDP, positions on the world stage, relations with partner countries.
Tasks. To achieve the aim of the study, the following tasks were set: to consider the dynamics of Russia’s export structure, to explore Russia’s position in the world in high-tech exports, to calculate the time lag of Russia’s lag behind the leading countries in high-tech exports, to analyze Russia’s role in the hightech market of the main partner countries, to explore the structure of Russia’shigh-tech exports in the context of commodity groups.
Methods. To determine high-tech exports and imports, the methodology of the World Bank is used, according to which 9 industries (aerospace, computer and office equipment, electronics and telecommunications, pharmaceuticals, scientific instruments, electric machines, chemicals, nonelectric machines and weapons), including 79 commodity nomenclatures. At the same time, based on the availability of information, the values for the export of weapons are not taken into account.
Results. The analysis of changes in high-tech exports has been carried out, which identifies periods of negative changes that coincide with periods characterized by adverse circumstances in the country and the world (pandemic, geopolitical and geo-economic tensions). When comparing graphs of high-tech exports and GDP, ambiguous results were obtained, taking into account the consideration of high-tech exports in calculating GDP. The time lags of the backlog have been calculated, according to which, in most cases, the values of the leading countries in high-tech exports are achievable, but the time lags themselves are enormous. The commodity spectrum of high-tech exports and imports of the Russia is considered, according to which Russia exports the entire commodity spectrum of the high-tech industry.

Conclusions. The dominant role in Russia’s exports is still assigned to fuel and mining products with observed changes in terms of increasing the share of industrial products, including high-tech products, in which Russia, although an active participant, is nevertheless at a disadvantage in interactions with the main partner countries.

The paper examines the trends in Kazakhstan’s export of information and communication technology services, which is currently one of the priorities of the country’s economic development.
Aim and Tasks. Determining the impact of government spending, foreign investment and other significant factors on exports of ICT services; assessing the extent of this impact.
Methods. Evaluation of the impact on the dynamics of ICT services export on the basis of comparative and correlation analysis, comprehensive analysis of the industry development indicators in the context of its export orientation, assessment of the impact on ICT services export of the factor of migration of companies and specialists from Russia in 2022–2023 and the resulting growth in the number of ICT sector enterprises with foreign capital.
Results. It has been revealed that the influence of traditional factors on the export of ICT services by Kazakhstan, including state budget expenditures, gross inflow of foreign investments, and FDI stock in industries producing these services, has been insignificant or absent over the past decade. The maximum impact on the export of ICT services was caused by an increase in the presence of companies in the industry with the participation of foreign, primarily Russian capital, which occurred in 2022–23.
Conclusions. The development of foreign trade activities in sectors of the economy with low initial indicators of export orientation may be more strongly influenced by non-traditional sporadic factors, such as migration of businesses and specialists in the case of the ICT sector in Kazakhstan, whereas traditional factors of their development, including government fostering and foreign investment may not be effective enough.

The EAEU countries, having adopted the Agreement on Pension Security in 2019, took a big step forward to form the pension rights of migrants from the EAEU countries. However, existing difficulties caused by economic, demographic characteristics and institutional differences make us think about further steps to harmonize, unify and coordinate the pension systems of the EAEU countries.
Aim. Consider themechanisms and the principles of international regulation of pensions in the EAEU countries and identify limitations and opportunities for its further improvement.
Tasks. Explore global experience of cooperation in the pension sector; conduct an analysis of international regulation of pensions in the post-Soviet space and in the EAEU countries; identify difficulties in forming pension rights for migrants from EAEU countries; to find possible directions for the further development of pension legislation in the EAEU countries.
Methods. The comparative analysis method was used to study national old-age pension systems; when determining the directions for the development of old-age pensions for migrants in the world, the historical and legal method was used.
Results. The world experience of international regulation of pensions is considered.Differences were discovered in the formation of pension rights in the EAEU countries.The mechanisms of harmonization and coordination, as well as the territorial and proportional principles of legal regulation of old-age pensions are analyzed. The difficulties of forming pension rights for migrants from the EAEU countries are shown.
Conclusions. The current approach to regulating pensions in the EAEU is not perfect, but it allows countries to remain independent in their national pension policies. Overcoming the existing difficulties in the formation and implementation of pension rights is possible with further harmonization, unification and coordination of the EAEU pension systems, which are complicated by the economic and demographic operating conditions and the lack of a unified strategy for the development of pensions in the EAEU. A fundamental issue for all countries is to determine the role of the state in the pension process.

The article deals with the peculiarities of legal regulation in the EAEU and BRICS member countries, enshrining the status of volunteers who joined the armed forces of the state, the procedure and conditions of such participation and participation in armed (military) conflicts on behalf of the state. Aim. The purpose of the article is to study the legal regulation in the EAEU and BRICS member countries defining the status of volunteers who joined the armed forces of the state.
Tasks. To characterize and identify the peculiarities of the legal status of persons participating in volunteer formations of the armed forces of the EAEU and BRICS member countries. To consider the new for modern Russia legal regulation that established the status of volunteers participating in a special military operation.
Method. In the process of the research the set tasks were solved by the author with the use of general scientific (historical, dialectical, systematic, logical, method of analysis) and legal (comparative-legal, sociological, axiological) methods of research.
Results. In most countries, the establishment of the legal status of a volunteer, including social guarantees, depends directly on the country’s involvement in a particular armed conflict or external threats that result in the need for the state to strengthen its military power and, consequently, for persons to volunteer for military service. Armenia and Russia are prime examples of such countries. Over the past two years, Russian legislation has gone a long way towards defining the legal status of volunteers.
Conclusions. Analyzing the legal regulation enshrining the legal status of volunteers of the armed forces of the countries under study, it is necessary to note several directions. Thus, in fact, in all BRICS and EAEU member countries considered in the study, the participation of volunteers in the armed forces is regulated by legislation. The only country whose legislation does not provide for the participation of volunteers in the country’s armed forces is the BRICS member country South Africa. In analyzing the legal regulation of the EAEU member countries, it should be noted that the legislation of these countries has similar features. At the same time, the level of provision by the state of this category of citizens varies from its absence, as in India, to the provision by the state to volunteers of all social guarantees and equalization of their status with military personnel, as in China and Russia.

Aim. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the concept and structure of the common financial market of the Eurasian Economic Union, highlight the problems of its formation and ways to solve them. Tasks. The objectives of the study are: review and analysis of the definitions of the common financial market in the legal framework of the Eurasian Economic Union; highlighting key aspects of the development of the common financial market; defining its structure, problems of formation, proposing ways to solve them.
Methods. Methods were used: institutional analysis, comparative analysis, system analysis to substantiate aspects of the formation and structure of the common financial market of the Eurasian Economic Union. The method of formal logical analysis was also used to clarify the concepts of the common financial market in various acts of the integration level.
Results. Firstly, at the level of the Eurasian Economic Union, the concept and criteria of a common financial market have been established.
Secondly, a broad and narrow understanding of the structure of the common financial market in the context of Eurasian integration is highlighted.
Thirdly, the key aspects of the development of the common financial market are: expanding the range and accessibility of financial services; ensuring the rights of consumers of financial services and investors; security and transparency of financial services.
Fourthly, the problems of forming a common financial market are highlighted, including the different levels of development of the markets of the integration member states, the weak sector of the securities and investment markets.

Conclusions. The common financial market is part of Eurasian integration, the processes of formation of such a market are components of integration processes. The structure of the general financial market in the narrow sense includes the banking and insurance services sector, the securities market sector, and the relations between these sectors. A broad understanding of the structure of the general financial market additionally includes the tax, budget and currency areas. 

This study is devoted to the analysis of the prospects for the convergence of the legislation of the EAEU countries regarding the legal regulation of artificial intelligence (AI).
Aim. To identify the need and identify the prerequisites for supranational legal regulation of AI in the EAEU. Tasks. To list the features of AI that necessitate supranational legal regulation in the context of analyzing the consequences for the purposes of the EAEU. To make a classification and analyze the prerequisites for the formation of the will of the EAEU member states to bring together the legislation of the EAEU countries in terms of legal regulation of AI.
Methods. The problem-theoretical, formal-legal, logical, system-structural method and the method of comparison are used.
Results. The study showed that such features of AI technologies as the ability to cause cross-border harm and the ability to autonomous processes require: a) the establishment of legal limits for delegating human authority to a machine that are uniform for the EAEU states, which is achieved by establishing administrative responsibilities for participants in the life cycle of AI systems and applications; b) developing a unified approach to eliminating the “responsibility gap” for the harm caused by AI and its legal consolidation in the law of the EAEU, which is achieved through supranational regulation of AI on these issues. The lack of “uniform norms” regarding the distribution of responsibility for harm produces legal conflicts that contribute to the creation of obstacles to the functioning of internal markets and asymmetries in the development of AI within the EAEU. The results of the analysis of the prerequisites for the formation of the will of the EAEU member states to bring together the legislation of the EAEU countries in terms of legal regulation of AI allow us to state the absence of prerequisites for a unified policy of the EAEU countries in the creation and use of AI, and consequently, the prospects for the convergence of legislation in the field of public relations through the formation of supranational legal regulation. However, the EAEU law does not contain obstacles to the implementation of a unified AI policy in the future.
Conclusions. The specifics of AI technologies require supranational legal regulation of AI, at least in matters of allocation of responsibility for harm caused by AI in order to avoid legal conflicts that contribute to the creation of obstacles to the functioning of internal markets and asymmetries in the development of AI within the EAEU. Despite the current lack of prerequisites, the EAEU law does not contain obstacles to the convergence of the legislation of the EAEU countries in terms of legal regulation of AI in the event of such a decision.

Aim. Analyze the role of BRICS in the development of Africa.
Tasks. Briefly describe the history of the creation and development of BRICS, and also assess the degree of its influence on the geopolitical and economic situation in the world. Consider the contribution of the main BRICS member countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa), which have been actively investing in African countries for a long time, and also compare the areas in which these countries dominate.
Methods. Comparative analysis was used as a key method in conducting the study.
Results. The contribution of each of the BRICS member countries is analyzed, the key areas of their interests are highlighted, and an up-to-date assessment of the prospects for interaction between the BRICS countries and African countries is given.
Conclusions. The participation of the BRICS member states in the socio-economic development of the African continent is considered, the areas of interest of each country in Africa are analyzed by industry, and the volumes of investment and interstate trade are assessed. Separate attention is paid to both the positive and negative impact of the presence of the BRICS countries in Africa, and prospects for the development of further relations between African territories and the BRICS member countries are given. As a result, we can unequivocally say that the role of the BRICS member countries in Africa is significant and every year it will only increase, as the strength of the association itself, its geography and the number of participants grows. Each of the bloc countries plays its own significant role in the life of the continent.

India, a member of the BRICS and the SCO, can play an important role in deepening Eurasian integration. However, in order to make possible the use of its integration potential, it is necessary to fully understand the specifics of this country, the nature of its existing political and economic system, which, in particular, is determined by the established model of relations between the state and business.
Aim. To identify the features of the system of relations between the state and business, which has developed in India during the period of economic reforms and determines the potential and specifics of its political and economic development.
Tasks. To trace the main stages of the evolution of relations between the state and business in the Republic of India, to assess government policy in relation to the main types of business and various business structures, to identify the degree of influence of private business on the policy and dynamics of economic development of the country.
Methods. Systematic and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments. Results. The article provides a scientific generalization of the evolution of models and methods of interaction between the state and business of the Republic of India, an assessment of their effectiveness from the point of view of socio-economic development of the country.
Conclusions. The formation of the system of relations between the state and business in modern India was determined by the needs of the economic and social development of the country, the essence and forms of which were determined by the dominance of the relevant political forces and ideologies. At the initial stage, the use of repressive and coercive regulatory methods led to the establishment of a patron — client relationship between the state and business in all industrial sectors, focused on obtaining rent. However, subsequently, the growing inefficiency of the Indian economy and the growth of corruption forced the country’s ruling elites to reconsider their political and economic views and switch to a policy of economic liberalization, as a result of which India began to acquire the characteristic features of a “development state”. Currently, in a regulated market economy, the state, on the one hand, seeks to ensure greater freedom of the market, private entrepreneurship, promote greater openness and internationalization of the economy, on the other hand, weaken and limit large capital to protect small and medium-sized enterprises. At the same time, the relations between the state and business continue to be largely clientelistic, which, according to many experts, hinders further economic liberalization and increasing the global competitiveness of the Indian economy.

Global climate change has placed the region at the centre of geopolitics, as melting Arctic sea ice transforms it from a predominantly scientific interest to a contest of national security claims, commercial interests and environmental concerns, with profound implications for both the international legal and political systems. The Arctic environment is an area of common concern requiring collective behaviour by all, including Russia and India.
Aim. Examine environmental issues in the Arctic policies of Russia and India, and find common ground in Arctic cooperation on climate change.
Tasks. Identify existing problems and propose recommendations to address them.
Methods. To solve the problems set in the study, the author uses such methods as statistical analysis, method of document analysis, discourse analysis of speeches of political leaders of Russia and India. Results. The issues of the climate agenda of Russia and India are considered. Unlike Russia, the Indian side has problems in implementing its state policy on climate change. Sharing experience in effective financing of environmental programmes, disaster risk management and information exchange are areas of potential cooperation in the context of climate change. Despite the geopolitical changes taking place around the world, Russia-India cooperation has not been interrupted, but has remained at the same level and has great potential.
Conclusions. Ensuring the environmental security of Russia and India is an integral part of the policies of the two states. As the data presented in this paper show, the states have similar interests in developing measures to prevent climate change deterioration in the Arctic region.

Aim. To study India’s Arctic policy by considering its conceptual, institutional and procedural components. Methods. Structural-analytical approach, document analysis, comparative analysis, generalization and synthesis.
Results. The article examines the provisions of a strategically important document of India dedicated to the implementation of policy in the Arctic, government bodies competent to implement India’s Arctic policy, their main functions, and the directions of Delhi’s activities in the Arctic. The trends along which actions are actually taken are compared with the directions enshrined in the country’s strategic document on Arctic policy.
Conclusions. The document “Arctic Policy” is only declarative, political in nature. The policy document establishing the action plan for the implementation of policy in the Arctic with deadlines has not yet been adopted. There are no standards for holding people accountable for improper implementation of activities. A specialized body responsible for implementing policy in India has not been created, despite its mention in India’s Arctic Policy. The scientific direction in the Arctic is key for India. It is also highlighted as a priority in the Arctic policy, which is a weak point of Indian Arctic policy. There are 5 more areas of Indian activity in the Arctic that are at the stage of formation or development. Norway is India’s main partner, close ties are developing with Russia. There are serious omissions in the country’s Arctic policy related to the lack of an icebreaker, non-participation in the Barents Euro-Arctic Council, and poor investment in Arctic projects. The practical significance of the scientific work lies in the ability to use its results to further build a dialogue with the Indian government and business community, and its conclusions can form the basis of future scientific research.

This article examines the international aspect of China’s information security policy. Due to the fact that the information sphere is becoming increasingly important in relations between states, the appeal to the policy of one of the leading international actors — the People’s Republic of China — is in demand and relevant. China’s experience in ensuring information security may be in demand in other countries, including the Russian Federation.
Aim. The purpose of the article is to characterize the international aspect of China’s information security policy and to reveal the specifics of China’s interaction with other countries in this area.
Tasks. To achieve this goal was conducted a review of key international documents ensuring the international information security of the People’s Republic of China, as well as the country’s domestic legislation in this area. Also the issue of confrontation between China and the United States in the information space was considered.
Methods. The study employs the historical method to examine the development of China’s information security system, document analysis to review China’s domestic and international legislation in the field of information security, and comparative analysis to compare the approaches of different countries in the field of cybersecurity.
Results. The conducted research highlights the following key outcomes: In the context of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO), Сhina demonstrates a commitment to the joint development of international legal norms in the field of information security, as well as actively participates in the creation of cooperation agreements in this area, emphasizing the state’s role as an advocate for a multipolar world in cyberspace. Within the framework of interactions with the BRICS countries, China aims to deepen cooperation in the field of information security through a series of initiatives and agreements aimed at developing common approaches and standards. This cooperation contributes to the creation of a unified protection system in the information sphere among the BRICS countries, strengthening their positions in the international information space. In relations with the United States of America, the interaction of China is characterized by competition and confrontation, especially in the context of cybersecurity. This includes differences in approaches to regulating the information space and cyber espionage. Nonetheless, existing contradictions and conflicts underscore the need for dialogue and cooperation to develop common international rules of behavior in cyberspace, which can contribute to ensuring international information security and stability.
Conclusions. The international aspect of the China’s information security policy reveals various forms of interaction with other countries, each with its unique features. These relationships form a multi-level system of international information security, in which the PRC plays a key role, aiming to create a balanced and secure information space.

The article examines the foreign policy image of the People’s Republic of China in the reflection of foreign news media in covering a negative topic closely related to China — the COVID-19 pandemic, and analyses the possibility of forming a positive image by conducting foreign policy.
Aim. To assess the foreign policy image of the People’s Republic of China based on content analysis of online news media and determine whether there is an opportunity to improve it in the international arena when considering the initially negative situation.
Methods. To determine the specifics of coverage of the coronavirus pandemic in the English-language media, a qualitative and quantitative content analysis of The Guardian and The Washington Post corpuses, totalling 172 articles, was conducted according to a set of parameters developed by the authors, including the possibility of sample formation, lexical analysis of headlines, tonality analysis and frame analysis.
Results. Within the 6 criteria analysis, the following results were obtained: the degree of intensity of coverage was rated as high, headline analysis showed a decrease in negative connotations in the second macro-period, the positive tone of the corpora increased by 10–20% by 2021, the qualitative analysis of the tone of the text showed the importance of international cooperation when describing the topic related to China, where one of the key words is “support”, and also confirms the existence of theories about the leakage of the virus and its artificial origin in the West and the United States.
Conclusion. The study concluded that negative assessments of the image of the People’s Republic of China prevail in the Western news media, which is due to the coverage of an initially negative topic, as well as the coverage of a state with an ideology different from the West, the creation of sensational material by criticizing another state, and the dissemination of conspiracy theories about the creation of a coronavirus in laboratory conditions. At the same time, the possibility of the state to improve its own image in the foreign news media by implementing a well-considered friendly foreign policy was established.

The Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) is a rapidly developing integration structure. Its main priority in activities is economic development, even more precisely, trade. At the same time, at the beginning of its activities, the main attention of the member states of the association was focused on the development of domestic trade. The creation of a customs union and a single economic space basically solved this problem. The current development of the structure, in accordance with the global trend, was the expansion of trade relations with border, regional and non-regional partners. Thus, there is a process of integration of integrations, i.e. interaction at the level of integration structures and individual states. Since the EAEU’s main activity is the economy, first of all, we are talking about the creation of Free Trade Zones (FTAs).
Aim. The purpose of the article is to identify the dynamics and directions of the development of relations between the EAEU and the countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.
Tasks. Consider the main trends and stages of interaction between the LACB countries and the EAEU; identify new directions for the development of Eurasian integration.
Methods. The use of a systematic approach made it possible to analyze integration processes taking into account various directions. The method of historical and comparative analysis was used to compare the concepts of the development of integration. Situational analysis made it possible to demonstrate the dynamics of the development of Eurasian integration and the formation of interaction with external actors.
The sociological approach made it possible to consider as a special variety of international structures with the characteristics of both intergovernmental bodies and organizations.
Results. Against the background of the development of economic interaction, new areas of interaction have been identified.
Conclusions. In the current third stage of cooperation between the EAEU and the LKA, the element of political communication of the organization’s information function is strengthened, which is a response to the political crisis on the one hand, and on the other, opposition to Western sanctions in terms of attempts to isolate Russia in the world.

Aim. To substantiate the regularity of the violation of commercial navigation along the Suez Canal in the context of the crisis of economic globalization and the reformatting of the international order.
Tasks. To find out the main prerequisites for the decline of the global transport and logistics infrastructure. To specify the reasons for the violation of navigation in the Red Sea. To show the impact of the decline in cargo transportation through the Suez Canal on the global economy.
Methods. In order to achieve the stated purpose of the study, the following methods were used: historicism, which allowed to establish the sequence of crisis manifestations during the operation of the Suez Canal; extraction of relevant information from media materials and its subsequent analysis, which showed the geo-economic importance of the Red Sea area for world navigation, the scale of disorganization of transport communication through the Suez Canal; structural and functional analysis, which contributed to the establishment of the importance of transport logistics in ensuring the smooth functioning of the global economy; a rational choice that brought the authors closer to understanding the motives of the behavior of economic and political actors in the conditions of disorganization of cargo transportation through the Red Sea.
Results. The analysis of the main prerequisites for reformatting global transport logistics has been carried out. It is shown that the decline of shipping in the Red Sea is conditioned by the crisis of economic globalization and increased geopolitical risks. The reasons for the violation of navigation in the Red Sea have been established. The impact of the disruption of cargo transportation through the Suez Canal on the global economy has been revealed.
Conclusions. The destabilization of global transport routes through the Red Sea seems logical. It is obviously conditioned by the slippage of the neoliberal economic mechanism and the increasing geopolitical competition of Western countries with new centers of economic and political influence. Wars in the Middle East continue to have a destructive impact on the functioning of the global economy. The decline in cargo transportation leads to further disintegration of the previously established global markets. Global shipping companies have taken care of finding safer cargo movements. Producers and consumers of goods and services are forced to look for new partners within national and regional spaces, create new and activate existing transport corridors, which implies increased protectionism, and, therefore, leads to undermining the foundations of the global economy and the unipolar world. 

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, a large number of newly formed states appeared on the geopolitical map of the world, some of which are located in Central Asia. As one of the largest and most influential countries in Europe, Germany sought to establish strong economic, political and cultural ties with these countries. The author pays attention to the stages of development of bilateral relations from the early 90s to the present.
Aim. The aim of this study is to identify key aspects of German foreign policy in the region, focusing on relations with Kazakhstan.
Tasks. Study the main stages of the development of diplomatic relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Identify the current state of relations between Germany and Kazakhstan. Explore possible expansion of economic ties and prospects for future cooperation. Show the importance of studying the foreign policy of Germany in relation to Kazakhstan for the Russian Federation.
Methods. The research methodology is based on historical analysis, which helped to identify the stages of development of international relations between the two states. The comparative analysis defines the differences in the foreign policy line of Germany towards Kazakhstan at different stages. Regular summit meetings were the objects of event analysis.
Results. By examining historical context, economic partnerships, and geopolitical considerations, it is possible to investigate the dynamics shaping German engagement in Central Asia.
Conclusions. The genesis of the development of interstate relations was the collapse of the USSR, which served to form sovereign states in the post-Soviet space. The development of bilateral relations is characterized by several stages: some of them were characterized by stagnation, others, by an increase in the attention of Germany to Kazakhstan. The beginning of 2022 served to intensify Germany’s foreign policy in the region. At the present stage, Germany uses a multi-pronged approach that includes diplomatic, economic, cultural and educational components. Germany’s foreign policy in the region is aimed at protecting its national interests. Secondly, the partnership with Kazakhstan is a symbol of Germany’s shared foreign policy goals, emphasizing the importance of cooperation, dialogue and joint development efforts in the heart of Eurasia.