This work is devoted to the analysis value meaning of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War as an important factor in the formation of civic consciousness. Aim and tasks. The purpose of the research is to identify the sources of the formation of the value of the Great Victory and the forms of its manifestation. Methods. Based on a comparative analysis, a secondary analysis of the results of public opinion in Russia and Western countries is presented in assessing the significance of the Victory over Fascism in 1945 and the contribution of individual countries to it. The peculiarities of public opinion of Russians in assessing the Great Victory, their causes and manifestations are revealed. Results. The research methodology is related to the application of an existential-axiological approach to the phenomena and events of historical development, which makes it possible to identify the connection between historically significant processes and the existence of personality and culture based on the formation of a cognitive and value-semantic basis of the worldview. The study presents the interrelationships of the theories of historical memory, social constructivism, personal identity, the symbolic space of culture and the existential-axiological approach to the study of significant historical events. The author characterizes the phenomenon of victory in the patriotic wars from the standpoint of a value approach as a reflection of the source of the growth of national identity and collective memory. Conclusions. The state policy in the field of strengthening historical education creates a worldview basis for connecting generations and consolidating modern society based on common values, the most important of which is the value of Victory. In the context of the information war, historical enlightenment becomes a condition for value sovereignty, cognitive and existential security.

The positioning of modern Russia, which occupies most of the Eurasian continent (Northern Eurasia), is characterized by periodic rapprochement with Europe, which began in the era of Peter the Great, as well as a cooling of rel ations with the latter, as evidenced by wars, including two world wars, and military conflicts of varying intensity in the past period. At the same time, Russia’s development as a major continental power with a huge coastline and virtually unlimited access to three oceans is facing opposition from an equally important maritime power, in particular, the United States. Therefore, a mental problem arises — in Eurasia, as the core of continental civilization, is there more European or Asian? And on the other hand — to what extent are the Arctic Ocean and the Arctic seas Eurasian, associated with Eurasia as a continent or a continent? Aim. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the positioning of Eurasia, as a continent, in the dynamics of world development in the coordinates of Europe-Asia and the contours of the formula “ocean-vis-continent”. Tasks. To achieve the goal, the following tasks are solved: to substantiate the independent position of Eurasia in the dynamics of world development, as a continent, and to identify the maritime component in the logic of Eurasian architecture. Methods. The work uses a methodological approach of strategic planning in combination with the tools of spatial economics and the Western version of the latter, known as the theory of new economic geography. This allows us to build the main contours of the Eurasian architecture. Conclusions. Modern Russia, as an original state-civilization, a vast Eurasian and Euro-Pacific power, creates the logic and geographical configuration of Eurasia as a continent with an integral maritime component in the space of three oceans - the Arctic, Pacific and Atlantic.

The BRICS is playing an increasingly important role as a new international initiative to counter growing global economic instability. To achieve that mission and to reach the highest form of economic integration — an introduction of a single currency system — the BRICS countries need to start by improving mutual trade relation, which is a prerequisite for creating a common capital and labor markets, which, in turn, is necessary for the formation of a strong economic union. Aim. The aim of the article is to explain a crucial role of improving BRICS mutual trade for further development of economic integration among the member states. The research hypothesis is the following: for strengthening the BRICS integration the member states should change the trade structure in a way of increasing the share of value added commodities in the mutual trade. It will make the complementarity between the countries robust and creates the ground floor for introduction of the own currency and international calculation systems. Tasks. The research tasks comprises analyses of the BRICS’ countries position in the world trade, specifically in merchandise trade, their export potential, the structure of their mutual merchandise trade. Methods. Methodologically the research is based on the theories of convergence and the international division of labour; theories of the “national comparative advantageous”; spatial development of national economy; theories of catching up growth. Statistical, empirical and comparative analyses represent the main methods of the given research. Results. Results of the research are the following: China plays a key role in the production and trade of final manufacturing goods, while the rest of the BRICS countries specialize primarily on the export of raw materials. Moreover, while China’s export is oriented primarily to third country rather than to the BRICS market, the rest of the BRICS countries rely heavily on the import of Chinese goods. The significant gap in the level of economic development of the BRICS countries hinders centripetal interaction between them. Conclusions. In conclusion the author offers a number of recommendations for improving the scale and scope of trade cooperation among BRICS countries. In addition to expanding traditional export it is very important to change its structure towards the production and trade of more technologically complex goods with higher value added. When all BRICS countries move towards achieving this strategic goal, it will deepen their complementarity, and allow less developed member states to catch up with the leading BRICS countries, thereby making this integration more robust and convergent. In this way imports from third countries will be replaced by goods produced and sold on the BRICS market, which can also strengthen mutual trade and economic cooperation between the BRICS countries.

Aim and tasks. This study is devoted to the development of a methodology for assessing the risk resilience of international production cooperation (IPC) among BRICS countries. It covers the introduction of conceptual and categorical apparatus, practical testing of the assessment method, identification of key problems in military-economic cooperation among BRICS countries, and modeling of risks that affect the level of IPC’s risk resilience. These risks are grouped into clusters to develop strategies for enhancing resilience. Methods. The foundation and methods of the research include a systems approach, SWOT analysis, statistical, comparative, and cluster analyses, as well as expert evaluations. Results and conclusions. The key features of military-economic cooperation among BRICS countries have been identified, along with the proposed conceptual and categorical apparatus and a method for assessing the level of IPC risk resilience. The author proposes establishing risk resilience management centers for IPC in BRICS countries. These centers would be responsible for forecasting, monitoring, evaluating, and managing the risk resilience of IPC participants, identifying areas of responsibility and results achieved in management. Additionally, scientific research should be conducted at these centers on integrating Russian reporting forms with international financial reporting standards into a unified “platform”, refined to a perfect level that allows risks to be reflected both across all accounts and business transactions within a single methodology. Only through such integration will accounting procedures be simplified in cross-country interactions, data will become transparent and easily understandable in accounting, leaving managers free to focus solely on genuine managerial activities without distractions.

The current stage of economic development of states is characterized by a new technological leap associated with the transition to the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Among the innovations, a special place is occupied by the introduction of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies in all spheres of society — from household appliances to industrial production, finance and medicine. Thus, artificial intelligence technologies have become one of the drivers of economic and social progress in the modern world, are important for solving complex problems and improving the quality of people’s lives, as well as for increasing the productivity and competitiveness of companies. Aim and tasks. To study the formation, distribution and state of artificial intelligence technologies using the example of one of the leaders in this field — Germany. To analyze the historical practice of this country in the development and use of AI in various sectors of the economy and society. To consider the methods that are used in Germany to support and promote these technologies, create international alliances in this area, and use forms of state regulation of the economy. Methods. The study was conducted using the methods of: unity of historical and logical analysis, synthesis and deduction. Results. The prospects for the development of AI and its application in various sectors of the German economy are highlighted. An explanation is given for the powerful efforts of the country’s leadership in developing this area by the desire to take a leading place in Europe and the world. Conclusions. In conclusion, it is concluded that success in the development of artificial intelligence technologies in Germany has been achieved largely due to the symbiosis of efforts at all levels — government, business, the scientific community, and international cooperation. Therefore, a forecast is made for the expectation of further progress in the spread of AI in various spheres of life in German society.

Aim and tasks. Analysis of the current state of affairs and identification of problematic issues in the field of technical regulation in the Eurasian Economic Union in the context of the global sanctions policy pursued against the Russian Federation and the retaliatory measures taken by our state to facilitate foreign trade activities, as well as the legalization of parallel imports in the Russian Federation. The objectives of the study are: 1) analysis of the assessment of the importance of technical regulation as a method of regulating foreign trade activities in international trade; 2) analysis of regulatory and legal regulation in the field of technical regulation measures in the EAEU space; 3) analysis of the impact of sanctions measures on the current state of affairs in the field of technical regulation; 4) systematization of customs and logistics risks when importing goods included in the list of parallel imports, taking into account current requirements in the field of technical regulation measures; 5) identification of problematic issues in the field of technical regulation in modern conditions; 6) development of tools and proposals for optimizing technical regulation measures in the context of legalizing parallel imports. Methods. Based on the statistical data on the issued permits on compliance, the article uses analytical methods, which allowed us to form a methodological approach for investigating problematic issues that arise when assessing the conformity of mass-produced products by unfriendly countries. Using the method of retrospective analysis, measures have been developed to ensure the conformity of imported products. The revealed correlation between the volume of imports of goods and the submission of declarations of conformity obtained in a simplified manner allowed us to identify development directions for adapting government support measures for business when importing products subject to technical regulation. Scientific hypothesis: achieving the effect of applying technical regulation measures in the current conditions of geopolitical turbulence and new customs and logistics risks requires consistency in the development of both deterrent measures and business support measures, involving the use of special tools. Results. The customs and logistical risks of participants in foreign economic activity have been identified, related to the lack of the possibility of obtaining documents confirming the transfer of authority from a foreign manufacturer to a Russian person to conduct conformity assessment procedures, which prevents the import of goods due to the inability to comply with the requirements established by technical regulations, reducing, among other things, the amount of customs payments transferred to the federal budget. Scientific novelty. Based on the identified problematic issues in the field of technical regulation measures in the context of the legalization of parallel imports, criteria have been developed for including categories of goods in the simplification lists, as well as in the lists that make it difficult to import. Conclusions. The global sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation have seriously affected the conditions for conducting foreign trade for Russian businesses, which required the restructuring of not only logistics chains, but also a change of partner states. The measures developed by the state to support business in 2022 currently require reworking, considering the established practice of the work of state control bodies. The paper proposes to synthesize a list of goods allowed for parallel import with a list of goods subject to technical regulation, taking into account the need to include brands critical to the Russian economy that affect domestic production of goods.

The study aims to examine the differences in terminology for classifying different types of international transportation within the EAEU. Aim and tasks. To propose a unified terminology to designate international transportation within the EAEU. To identify differences in the name of international transportation in various international legal acts and to propose the most suitable variant for the purposes of harmonization of legislation to ensure uniformity of law enforcement practice in the EAEU. Methods. Comparative-legal and formal-legal and systematic methods of research are used to identify differences in terminology about international transportation, to identify differences and to form proposals for its unification. Results. The idea of the need for a uniform conceptual apparatus in the field of legal regulation of international transportation within the EAEU and, in particular, for the definition of different types of transportation is substantiated. Conclusions. In order to develop further integration processes within the EAEU and to maximize the synergistic effect of integration, it is necessary to harmonize the legislation governing the transport and logistics sector. One of the central points should be the development of a single legal regulation governing multimodal transportation, including a single conceptual apparatus. The term “multimodal” transportation in the legislation of the EAEU member states to denote transportation by different modes of transport under a single document. To ensure the seamlessness of the transportation process, reduce costs and improve the efficiency of logistics within the integration association, it is necessary to legally provide for the possibility to implement this type of transportation under a single document.

In conditions of significant interdependence of the economies of states, which was once again confirmed by the results of introduction of tariffs by the United States in early April this year, there is an aspiration of countries to develop an acceptable approach to solving common problems. Aim and task. The aims of this article are to show the possible inefficiency of the existing supranational regulation of international economic relations; to identify the problems arising in the interaction of states on economic issues and to demonstrate the possible vector of integration processes development to achieve effective integration. To achieve these aims, it is important to solve the following tasks: to study and reveal the essence of integration processes; determine the acceptable form of international economic integration. Methods. In preparing this article, the authors applied both general scientific and special legal research methods. Results. The activity of large integration associations was analyzed. The effectiveness of legal integration was substantiated due to the interest of states in it. Conclusions. 1. International economic integration can be promoted by effective economic diplomacy. 2. Only national interest can “force” a state to comply with the principle of international law on fulfillment of obligations in good faith. This interest should be defended by an interstate and/or supranational body. 3. States, in order to realize their national interest, will seek legal integration to converge and unify national legal systems.

Aim and tasks. To analyze individual provisions of the legislation of the Kingdom of Thailand in terms of acquiring property rights and restrictions on the exercise of this right. Methods. Systematic analysis of individual segments of the studied legal order in the national (Thai) language, as well as the most significant international acts and scientific literature on the relevant topic (in Russian and English). Results. Using regulatory material, as well as the provisions of international acts to which Thailand has acceded, the authors raise the question of the legitimacy of calling Thai legislation on the right to own real estate located in the jurisdiction of the Thai legal order discriminatory in relation to foreign individuals and legal entities. The article covers the issue of the formation of the current Thai legislation on real estate in a historical and comparative legal context: the authors try to trace some patterns of the formation and development of the Thai legal order in the studied part, explaining the features of its originality with the involvement of not only theoretical and legal concepts, but also historical material and oriental studies devoted to the study of the development of Thai society in historical retrospect up to the present day. Conclusions. The authors of the article come to the conclusion that the “51/49 Rule” studied by them within the framework of this research, contained in the considered legislative acts of the Kingdom of Thailand, can hardly be considered a violation of the legal principle of non-discrimination, since the said rule has as its goal not at all “discrimination” of foreign capital and individuals, but the protection of the national economic and spiritual sovereignty of the country, as well as the cultural and historical identity of Thai society and the state, more or less effectively resisting modern globalist tendencies and, thus, being a striking example of nationally oriented lawmaking and law enforcement.

Peace, justice and strong institutions (Sustainable Development Goal 16) and partnership for the goals (Sustainable Development Goal 17) are gathering popularity among scientists, politicians and civil society in the in the contemporary Russian Federation. This article provides an analysis of the actions that Russia is planning and the actions that the country is taking to achieve Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 16 and 17 by 20 30. Aim and tasks. The study aims to identify the progress the Russia has made in achieving these two SDGs. To achieve the study’s aim, it is necessary to identify the crucial Sustainable Development Goals targets in the Russian context and analyse the approaches and measures taken to achieve these targets. Methods. The research is based on a case study (Russia), using a systematic analysis of a wide range of relevant academic and empirical sources published between 2020 and 2024. Results. The analysed sources suggest that Sustainable Development Goals targets 16.7 — “Ensure responsible decision-making by representative bodies at all levels with the participation of all sectors of society” and 17.16 — “Strengthen global partnerships” are crucial in the Russian context. The Russian Federation supports inclusiveness in political decision-making and strengthening multilateral partnerships to attain the SDGs. The respective approaches to the realisation of these two goals are modern and diversified. It is therefore challenging to evaluate progress towards their attainment using current indicators. Through novel, alternative pathways to the SDGs, a new statistical system needs to be developed so that progress can be tracked and measured. This article contributes to addressing research gaps in analysing Russia’s efforts to achieve Sustainable Development Goals targets 16.7 and 17.16. If these gaps can be eliminated, or at least minimised, it may be possible to assess Russia’s progress towards Sustainable Development Goals 16 and 17 more clearly. Conclusions. The author concludes that in order to fulfil Sustainable Development Goals targets 16.7 and 17.16, Russia is focusing its attention and efforts on creating conditions for an inclusive society and for the economic and social development of other countries.

The development of human capital in the Eurasian area is the basis for effective cooperation between states. Aim. To define the role of human capital in the framework of the Greater Eurasian Partnership concept and its impact on integration processes in the Eurasian space, as well as to assess the significance of human capital development for sustainable economic growth and social progress of member states and potential partners of the Eurasian Economic Union. Methods. A combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis of Human Development Index statistics, comparative analysis of interpersonal trust, and research on long-term economic planning and deferred benefits. Results. In the countries mentioned in the research, there are considerable differences in human development index indicators, in the level of trust between different social groups, which affects economic integration. The development of human capital in the Eurasian space is the basis for effective cooperation between states. Conclusions. For the successful implementation of the concept of the Greater Eurasian Partnership, it is necessary to develop human capital in a comprehensive way, including improvement of access to education, health care and creation of conditions for free movement of labor. The level of trust between states and their citizens plays a key role in the integration process, facilitating successful cooperation and reducing barriers to joint projects. The Eurasian Economic Union countries should focus on socio-economic initiatives aimed at increasing the level of trust and enhancing economic activity in order to achieve sustainable growth.

Relevance. Entering the top ten countries in the world in terms of education export is one of the strategic objectives of the Russian state. However, the declared target of 710 thousand foreign students in 2025 is far from being achieved. At the same time, there are countries that are quite successfully solving similar problems. Today, the countries of the Asia-Pacific region are a significant competitor to the countries recognized as leaders in the export of education, so their experience in this area deserves close attention. Aim. Comparative analysis of the experience of recruiting foreign students by Northeast Asian countries — Japan, South Korea and China. Methods. Analysis of secondary sources, sociological and statistical data with an emphasis on foreign sources. Results and conclusions. In all three countries, the key factor in educational migration is the interest of foreign youth in their language and culture. Recruiting foreign students is a government task. This can be seen in such governmental strategies as the ‘Plan to Attract Foreign Students’ in Japan, the ‘Study Korea Project’ in South Korea, and the ‘Study in China Plan’ in China. Recruitment efforts are diversified and built from the top down, from national governments through local authorities to universities and business organizations. The key problem is finding a balance between the quantitative and qualitative parameters of educational migration. Lowering entry requirements for foreign students leads to a decrease in the quality of education. At the same time, since the 2010s, all countries have been taking consistent measures to simplify the employment procedure for foreign graduates in order to solve the problems of national labor markets.

The article analyzes the most basic changes in the migration situation in the Republic of Crimea after joining Russia and until the end of 2021. The migration situation in Sevastopol is not considered, because it has its own specific features that require a separate study. Aim. Aim to identify the most important trends in changes in the migration situation in the Republic of Crimea, after joining Russia, in the period from 2014 to 2021. Methods. The use of statistical and system-structural methods made it possible to identify the main trends in the change in the migration situation in the Republic of Crimea. The comparative-geographical method made it possible to determine the main directions of flows of external and internal migrants. Results. The Republic of Crimea is characterized by a positive balance of migration, which is traditional for this region. The migration influx of migrants in the period under review compensated for a significant part of the natural decline in the population of the peninsula. The share of migrants from Ukraine has decreased, which is caused by the complication of the political situation. Migration from the post-Soviet countries: Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan has increased significantly. There is a trend towards an increase in interregional migration not only at the expense of neighboring subjects of the Russian Federation (Krasnodar Territory, Rostov and Voronezh regions), but also Moscow, St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk Region and a number of other regions of the Russian Federation. In intraregional migrations, there was a movement of the population from the northern regions to the south and south-east of the peninsula. Conclusions. Among the main trends in external migration in the Republic of Crimea in the period from 2014 to 2021, it is worth noting: an increase in the share of final migrants from the regions of the Russian Federation, including the return of Crimeans who received Russian citizenship after the collapse of the USSR and live in Russia. The influx of temporary migrants was facilitated by the implementation of major federal targeted programs on the peninsula. A characteristic feature was the increase in the migration outflow from the Republic of Crimea, mainly young people, to large Russian cities. Limited potential for growth in the level of socio-economic development of a number of territories of the peninsula; Problems related to transport infrastructure have affected the change in the geography of settlement of both external and intraregional migrants. Fundamental changes in the geopolitical and geo-economic position of the Republic of Crimea have had a significant impact on the transformation of the migration situation, while the traditional trends associated with the migration attractiveness of the territory have been preserved.

Aim and tasks. The purpose of this study is to assess the current state and prospects for the implementation of youth policy in the Union State of Russia and Belarus in the context of accelerated digitalization. The analysis focuses on the legal, institutional, technological, and socio-political aspects of youth engagement. Special attention is paid to the impact of digital transformation on the participation, education and employment opportunities of young citizens. Methods. The methodological basis of the research is based on comparative political analysis, generalization of statistical data and structural analysis of regulations and national strategies. Results. The results of the study indicate that both States have a comprehensive regulatory framework and a strong political commitment to youth development. However, the integration of digital tools into youth policy remains fragmented due to regional infrastructural differences, insufficient harmonization of digital governance mechanisms, and the lack of a single supranational coordination platform. The results of the study show that the further development of youth policy requires systematic efforts to improve digital literacy and cyber resilience, create an integrated digital environment for joint youth initiatives, and implement real-time monitoring and data management. Conclusions. The author concludes that it is necessary to bring together the regulatory framework, cross-sectoral cooperation and strategic investments in digital infrastructure in order to transform youth policy into a driving force for integration and innovation throughout the Union State. The research can be continued by studying comparative models of supranational youth governance and conducting an interdisciplinary assessment of the socio-political impact of digitalization on youth identity and civic participation.

Aim. The purpose of the article is to identify practical aspects of the political interaction between Russia and Belarus, implemented within the framework of the integration strategies of the Union State of Russia and Belarus. It is due to the fact that the implementation of integration projects throughout Eurasia is influenced by the transformation of the modern international system. Russia and Belarus have to defend their right to sovereignty and national security and implement integration strategies. Methods. The methodological basis of the work was the institutional approach, as well as the principles of structural functionalism and neo-functionalism in determining the key integration strategies of Russia and Belarus. Results. Based on the methods used, the authors analyzed the stages of Russian-Belarusian economic integration, structured the institutional principles and practices of unification of Russia and Belarus. The novelty of the research lies in the development of predictive development scenarios and recommendations for solving problems of political interaction within the Union State. Results. Based on the analysis, three key scenarios for the development of Russian-Belarusian integration processes are formulated: “positive” (development and strengthening of economic cooperation, as well as the creation of new union institutions, implemented consistently), “neutral” (continuation of cooperation in the format of existing institutions and economic practices), “negative” (conflict relations in the economy and formal activities of the institutes of the SSRB). Conclusions. The authors concluded that a “neutral” scenario with a possible move towards a “positive” one is the most likely. Following the proposed recommendations should lead to a reduction in the impact of problematic aspects of political interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus and the implementation of their integration strategies within the framework of the CBS.

With the in-depth development of Big Data and artificial intelligence, as well as the strengthening of the concept of green and low-carbon development, a new concept has emerged in the system of urban functioning — “green smart city”. Currently, the level of urbanization and urban development in Russia and China is growing from year to year, but at the same time, issues of socio-ecological development, rational use of resources and innovative development are becoming increasingly relevant. In this regard, it is necessary to intensify efforts to optimize urban systems, promote rational allocation of resources and promote the construction of green smart cities. Aim. Assessment and forecasting of the level of development of green smart cities, which contributes to the formation of scientifically sound strategies for government agencies, and also plays an important role in promoting rational allocation of resources and the creation of a comfortable and favorable urban environment. Methods. In the process of work, historical and institutional methods were used (when analyzing the history of the development of smart cities), as well as conceptual content analysis (when studying the main documents on the construction of a green smart city from Russian and Chinese government agencies, international organizations, consulting firms and etc.), as well as statistical analysis of secondary data. This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the current status of environmentally sustainable smart cities in China and Russia from the perspective of four aspects: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Results. The hypothesis of the paper is that Russia’s smart green city policy is a combination of centralized leadership and local pilot projects, with more attention paid to cybersecurity and infrastructure improvement, as well as promoting the integration of the green economy. China’s smart green city policy is systemic and executive in nature, and pays more attention to the application of artificial intelligence and 5G in the construction of smart green cities, promoting the development of green and low-carbon cities. Conclusions. The conclusion of the paper is that the approaches of Russia and China can be integrated. In the future, China can help Russia accelerate the development of 5G, Artificial Intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things (IoT), which will improve the infrastructure of green smart cities in Russia. In turn, Russia can provide China with technological support in the field of smart security and energy management, which will enhance the level of green smart cities in China.