Aim. The purpose of this study is comprehensive analysis of the current issues of legal regulation of labor migration within the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as to assess the degree of coherence between supranational and national legal mechanisms governing the status of migrant workers, the conditions of their access to employment, and the scope of the social guarantees granted to them. Particular attention is paid to further harmonization of legislation in the Union’s member states in the context of the development of a common labor market. Methods. Drawing on both general scientific analysis and the private scientific method of comparative law, this study compares international, supranational, and national regulations on labor migration. It also analyzes the law enforcement mechanisms that protect the rights of migrant workers and their families within the integration space. Results. By drawing on both general analytical techniques and the comparative legal approach, this study contrasts international, supranational, and national laws on labor migration. It further analyzes the mechanisms that enforce and protect the rights of migrant workers and their families within the integration framework. The objectives of standardizing working conditions and legal protections for migrant workers within the EAEU have not been fully achieved. Consequently, the unification of labor law remains a critical outstanding task. Conclusions. The findings indicate that to continue integrating this sector, efforts must go beyond expanding free labor movement. There is also a need to harmonize labor law, reinforce social protections, and upgrade mechanisms for interstate coordination. Prospects for increasing the effectiveness of legal regulation are associated with deeper digital interaction, the development of uniform approaches to restore responsibility for violations in the field of labor migration, and the formation of a more coherent model for the protection of migrant workers rights within Union.

In the context of developing integration forms of economic interaction within the Eurasian Economic Union, one of the pressing issues is the monetary and financial integration of the Union member states. It is particularly important in the context of geopolitical changes, sanctions restrictions, and the use of financial and payment instruments as a means of pressure. Aim. The purpose of this article is to determine the possibilities and specifics of using common financial and currency instruments in the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), taking into account the existing retrospective international experience. Methods. The methodological basis of the study is the methods of analysis and synthesis, the method of generalization, the method of analogies. A retrospective analysis of the practices of applying international monetary and financial integration instruments is conducted using materials from the EU, the EAEU and the CMEA. Results. The need to improve the monetary and financial mechanism of interaction between the EAEU countries as an element of economic integration is substantiated. The possibilities and limitations of applying the experience of organizing mutual settlements within the CMEA in modern conditions in the EAEU space are determined. Conclusions. Our analysis of the existing monetary and financial architecture within the EAEU suggests the feasibility of exploring new settlement mechanisms for mutual trade between EAEU countries. The creation of a payment system within the EAEU with a new regional currency will facilitate increased foreign trade turnover, reduce macroeconomic risks, and lessen dependence on the reserve currencies of unfriendly countries.

Aim. The article analyzes current trends in the transformation of the global monetary system related to the intensification of the process of de-dollarization and the transition to the use of national currencies in foreign trade settlements, particularly in the EAEU and BRICS countries. Methods. The study is based on a systematic analysis of macroeconomic indicators, statistical processing of payment system data, and a comparative legal method for evaluating new financial instruments (CBDC, BRICS Bridge). Results. It was revealed that by the beginning of 2026, the share of settlements in national currencies within the EAEU had reached a record-breaking 93%, marking the end of the “forced” de-dollarization phase and the transition to the “institutional” integration phase. It was established that the ruble had taken a dominant position (approximately 75% of mutual settlements), serving as the regional leading currency. The paradoxical effects of this process were analyzed: the strengthening of the dollar despite its declining share in reserves. The key role of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) and the BRICS Bridge platform as a technological foundation for the next stage of integration has been substantiated. Conclusions. It has been proven that the EAEU is a global leader in terms of the level of de-dollarization of trade, forming a sustainable model of a multipolar financial system. Further development requires deepening the harmonization of monetary policies and managing accumulated imbalances (the problem of “toxic” balances of national currencies).

Aim. The purpose of this article is to analyze the Trans-Arctic Transport Corridor as a key factor in the integration of the Eurasian economic space amid global economic transformation and growing geopolitical competition. Special attention is paid to the role of the Northern Sea Route in shaping new transport and logistics links between Europe and Asia. Methods. The study is based on a comprehensive interdisciplinary approach combining the methods of neorealism, neo-Marxism, and geo-economic analysis. Comparative historical, structural-logistical, and systems approaches are applied to assess the evolution of major transport routes and their impact on international economic relations. Results. The article demonstrates that the Trans-Arctic Transport Corridor has significant integration potential due to reduced distances and transit times between major Eurasian economic centers. It is established that the development of the Northern Sea Route contributes to the redistribution of trade flows, strengthens the resource and transit role of the Arctic, and enhances economic interaction among Russia, the European Union, and Asian countries, despite existing infrastructure constraints and external pressure. Conclusions. The study concludes that the Trans-Arctic Transport Corridor can become a core element of a new Eurasian integration framework provided that infrastructure modernization and sustainable navigation are ensured. The development of this route is viewed as a strategic instrument for strengthening Eurasian economic connectivity under conditions of global instability.

The article analyzes the role and importance of maritime communications in the spatial organization of the Arctic version of the “Great Game”, the main actors of which are Russia, China and the United States. The “Great Game” is also reaching a new level. If in the 19th century the parties to the confrontation were the great powers of the maritime and continental nature, having significant experience of imperial development, now the intercontinental (America — Eurasia) Arctic version of the “Great Game” is unfolding before our eyes along the meridian axis of the interface of the two hemispheres. The basis of this version is to achieve control over Arctic maritime communications in order to organize the most rational supply chains along the America — Asia line. Aim. Substantiation of Russia’s positioning in the contours of the strategic initiative “Let’s Make Russia Great Again” on the margins of the modern version of the “Great Game” in the new geopolitical conditions of the development of the MAGA (Make America Great Again) concept and the decline of the global ultra-liberal world order based on “rules”. Tasks. To determine the lines of probable intercontinental (America and Eurasia) confrontation on the Arctic sea communications along the meridian of the interface of the two hemispheres. To clarify and regulate the possibilities of coordinating military, political and economic activities in the Arctic. Methods. Strategic planning combined with the tools of spatial economics and the Western version of the latter, known as the theory of “new economic geography”. This makes it possible to substantiate the importance of maritime communications in the modern version of the “Great Game” and in the dynamics of the prospective development of the Russian Arctic. Conclusions. Against the background of the implementation of the MAGA concept in the western hemisphere, favorable conditions are being created in the fields of the modern (Arctic) version of the “Great Game” for the development of the strategic initiative “Let’s Make Russia Great Again” in the eastern hemisphere. This wi ll contribute to its guaranteed access to the North Atlantic from the Black Sea and Baltic directions, as well as strengthen its position in Northern Eurasia and the northern segment of the Indo-Pacific.

In the context of Russia’s growing foreign economic and geopolitical reorientation toward the East, the dev elopment of transport routes connecting Russia with the countries of the Global South is becoming increasingly important, among which the International North–South Transport Corridor (INSTC) occupies a special position. Its development can make a substantial contribution both to the growth of inbound tourism flows and to Russia’s adaptation to the increasing role of South Asian and African countries within the global economic system. Aim. The study aims to substantiate the necessity of unlocking the potential of the North-South Transport Corridor for the development of freight transportation and the strengthening of socio-cultural, particularly tourism-related, ties between Russia and the countries of the Middle East, as well as to analyze the factors constraining its development. Methods. The methodological framework of the study is based on a systems approach, historical analysis, methods of logical analysis and synthesis, spatial analysis, and cartographic methods. Results. The study identifies the most promising types of tourism capable of attracting foreign visitors to the North Caucasus and Russia as a whole, including ski tourism, balneological tourism, railway tourism, and cruise tourism. Conclusions. The North-South Transport Corridor possesses significant potential for a multiple increase in both transit freight volumes and inbound tourist flows. The growth of the latter is essential for achieving the target indicators established in the strategic development documents of the Russian tourism sector. The development of the North-South Transport Corridor will also contribute to strengthening social and cultural ties between Russia and the countries of the Middle East amid ongoing geopolitical transformations.

This article examines the international legal regulation of the EAEU’s unified digital transport space. Its relevance stems from the need to remove legal barriers and harmonize the legislation of member states with international standards. Aim. The article aims to develop recommendations for improving the regulation of digital document flow in transport and logistics within the EAEU. Tasks. Analyze international standards, identify conflicts, define a harmonization strategy, study the practice of the EAEU Court, and conduct a comparative legal analysis with the EU. Methods. In conducting the study, the author used formal legal and comparative legal methods, systems analysis, deduction, and abstraction. Results. Universal conventions (CMR, TIR, eTIR) and the UNCITRAL Model Law form the normative foundation for digital integration. Harmonization through reference norms and the principle of systemic integration is proposed. The need for parallel developments is substantiated: accession to eTIR and the development of an EAEU act modeled on the EU eFTI Regulation. The practice of the EAEU Court confirms the role of judicial mechanisms in removing barriers. The principles of functional equivalence, technological neutrality, and single data provision must be implemented. Conclusions. The development of a unified digital transport space within the EAEU should combine the adaptation of universal standards, EU experience, and its own supranational regulation. The development of an EAEU act on uniform requirements for electronic information exchange will improve transportation efficiency and compatibility with partner digital systems within the Europe — Asia international corridors.

Aim. The article is devoted to identifying gaps in the legal support of digital transformation processes in waste disposal in Russia for the subsequent optimization of the infrastructure for managing production and consumption waste on the scale of the Union State of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. Methods. The research methodological framework is based on systemicinstitutional and doctrinal approaches, as well as formal-legal and comparative-legal methods. The primary methodological approach is functional-sectoral analysis. Results. The terminological ambiguity surrounding the categories “secondary resources” and “secondary raw materials” creates difficulties in the legal justification of rights and obligations and, objectively, complicates the digital transformation of the industrial and consumer waste disposal industry. Current legal regulation of the digital transformation of the waste disposal process does not include a regulatory justification for liability for failure to ensure digital adaptability and security. The introduction of unmanned systems into industrial and consumer waste disposal processes is currently being implemented within the framework of macroeconomic, rather than industry-specific, legislation. The use of unmanned aerial vehicles for landfill inventory must be regulated, including the use of aerial photography, thermal imaging, and site scanning. Licensing of unmanned system operators, software certification, and the protection of information collected during the multi-level waste management process remain unfounded. A separate legal problem, both at an industry and national level, is the lack of a categorical definition of electronic waste and the procedure for its disposal. Conclusion. The regulatory framework for waste disposal within the Union State of Russia and Belarus is not sufficiently developed to address digitalization challenges and, more generally, to ensure the implementation of both national and international sustainable development concepts. Regulatory efforts to digitalize the waste disposal system are more focused on the control component. Industry plans do not take into account regulations for the active use of artificial intelligence systems, the Internet of Things, or cybersecurity. Issues with legal regulation include territorial inequalities in digitalization, declaratory liability, and a lack of categorical clarity.

This study is devoted to the examination of the executive and administrative powers of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the procedure for their exercise, their scope, and their impact on the development of integration processes within the Eurasian Economic Union. Aim. To identify the essential characteristics of the executive and administrative function of the Eurasian Economic Commission, the problems of its implementation, and to determine possible ways of addressing these problems for their use in the activities of the Eurasian Economic Commission, taking into account the relevant experience of the European Commission. Tasks. To examine the specific features and essence of the executive and administrative function of the Eurasian Economic Commission, as well as the system of analogous powers of the European Commission. To analyse the founding treaties of the Eurasian Economic Union and the European Union, other international treaties of these integration associations, and the relevant law-enforcement practice. Methods. The research employed general scientific methods of cognition — analysis, synthesis, induction, and deduction. The study also used special legal methods, including the formal legal method, the technical legal method, the method of legal analogy, and the comparative legal method. Results. The study establishes that executive and administrative powers occupy an important place in the practice of the Eurasian Economic Commission. At the same time, a number of problems arise in the course of their exercise, which can be resolved through the implementation of the measures proposed by the author, based, inter alia, on the positive experience of the European Commission in exercising the executive and administrative function. In particular, the study identifies problems relating to the delimitation of executive acts from other legal acts of the Eurasian Economic Commission; the determination of the normative nature of a decision or order of the Eurasian Economic Commission; the procedure for the preparation by the board of the Eurasian Economic Commission of draft legal acts of all political bodies of the Union, and others. Conclusions. The identification of the problems revealed in the article in the sphere of the exercise by the Eurasian Economic Commission of executive and administrative powers substantiates the expediency of introducing amendments to the Treaty on the Eurasian Economic Union and other acts constituting the law of the Eurasian Economic Union, as well as the adoption of new acts regulating issues that have not yet been governed by the law of the Eurasian Economic Union.

The article examines the features and prerequisites for the formation of Eurasianism as an “integrating ideology” for the development of national statehood and supranational integration within the Eurasian space. As an objective basis for the historical, cultural, and geopolitical commonality of the peoples and states of the Eurasian space, the factor of “place of development” is highlighted. This means that the analysis of the traditions of the formation of the national-state identity of the Eurasian peoples is based on the geopolitical location of historical communities, which has the greatest objective influence on the development of national cultures. The article highlights the key features of Eurasian state and legal modernization and the role of Western legal heritage in their formation. Special attention is paid to the desire of the Eurasian peoples to protect their historical and cultural identity from the influence of the values of neoliberalism, which determines the common features of modernization and the prospects for the formation of Eurasian cooperation. Aim. The purpose of this article is to identify the specific features of China’s state-legal modernization process as a universal model of “conservative modernization” within the East Eurasian space, which has demonstrated its effectiveness by allowing China to become a global economic and political leader while preserving its cultural identity. Methods. Historicism, systemic approach, and interdisciplinary synthesis (combining philosophical, comparative legal, cultural, and socio-political approaches). Results. The article analyzes the significance of the influence of the traditional Confucian doctrine on the formation of the constitutional system as a characteristic feature of the Eurasian ideology. The article highlights the priority of duties over rights as a leading feature of the Confucian ethics enshrined in the current Constitution of the People’s Republic of China. This highlights the state and social significance of the idea of “service”, which is considered a fundamental social value that has historically shaped the national and state identity of the Eurasian peoples. In addition, the article examines the similarities between the Chinese government’s system of traditional “paired values” as the foundation of its state ideology and the basic values of Eurasianism as a holistic paradigm for the development of Eurasian countries. The article emphasizes the importance of efforts to develop and implement integration projects with the leading participation of the People’s Republic of China and the Russian Federation. Conclusions. The article concludes that there are no conceptual contradictions between Confucianism as the foundation of the Chinese model of state-legal modernization and the cultural and historical heritage of the countries of the East Eurasian region, which determines the development of the constitutional system within the national models of state-legal modernization in this region. The substantive proximity of the tasks of state and legal modernization and the methods of their implementation through the priority of protecting national and state identity allows us to raise the issue of the formation of a concept of Eurasian state and legal modernization and its universal significance in the development of the modern state and law.

Aim. The purpose of the research is to explain the reasons of the ambiguity of the Russian courts’ perception of the Advisory Opinion of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union dated March 28, 2024. The author describes in details the factual circumstances of the case, the legal grounds for issuing the said advisory opinion and its content, and attempts to determine the legal nature and actual legal force of this judicial act. Methods. The research methodology is based on both general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, historical and systematic, as well as private scientific methods: formal legal and comparative legal. These methods were used when working with sources of law and law enforcement acts of the Eurasian Economic Union, its member states, domestic and foreign doctrine. Results. Advisory Opinion of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union dated March 28, 2024 was adopted in compliance with subject and material jurisdiction contains an official interpretation of the law of the Eurasian Economic Union and aims to ensure their uniform application, is able to help in resolution of concrete dispute. This advisory opinion was not taken into account by the national courts because of its formally recommendatory character. Conclusions. The legal nature of the advisory opinions of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union does not coincide with the legal nature of decisions on prejudicial requests due to a number of procedural, subjective and formal reasons. The legal positions from the Advisory Opinion of the Court of the Eurasian Economic Union dated March 28, 2024 at the time of the proceedings in the Russian courts acted as usage, the execution of which was voluntary. They have not been transformed into international legal customs due to the lack of recognition by States of their binding nature.

The article devotes to the problem of ensuring technological sovereignty. Aim and tasks. Identify the key methods that allow the United States to preserve their technological dominance and determine the trajectory for creating an AI ecosystem that is independent of Western technologies. Methods. The author used the following research methods: critical discourse analysis, content analysis, and system analysis. Results. Despite the fact that Chinese high-tech companies are successfully competing with American IT-corporations, the United States continue to firmly hold the global technological leadership, which gives them the opportunity not only to decide with which countries and under what conditions to share their technologies, but also to control global information flows. This author sees a particular danger in the proliferation of large language models that have been developed by leading American IT-corporations. These models, while being trained on Western texts, become an extremely convenient tool for exporting Western values to countries with a completely different cultural and civilizational code, which only exacerbates the ideological and cultural hegemony of the countries of the collective West. The article shows that both Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan have developed their own large language models, but they are based on the American the most popular model called LLaMA1. In Russia, after the beginning of a special military operation and the withdrawal of many leading Western IT-companies from the Russian market, domestic developers were forced to offer their own technological solutions. However, the gap from Western AI-developers is about a year. Conclusion. Russian research and development in the field of advanced information technologies are still fragmental in nature, due to the high costs of training of AI-models from the very beginning. In this regard, the author suggests considering the possibility of joining the efforts of high-tech companies of the EAEU member-states in order to develop end-to-end AI-technologies that would be able to meet the most urgent demands of all partner countries and encourage the further strengthening of Eurasian integration.

Aim. To analyse the current state and prospects for the development of the environmental component of the Eurasian Economic Union’s international activities. Tasks. To characterize the inclusion of environmental issues in documents regulating the Eurasian Economic Union’s international activities; to identify the features of the Union’s economic cooperation with international organizations, third countries and regional organizations in the field of green technologies and environmental protection; to propose a probable development trajectory of the Union’s cooperation with international partners in the environmental field. Methods. Qualitative content analysis of documents, event analysis, case study as well as a comparative research method were applied. Results. It has been established that the legal foundations of the “green” agenda of the Eurasian Economic Union laid down in 2020 made it possible to intensify the development of the environmental component of both intra-union integration cooperation and the Union’s international activities. It has been revealed that, at the international level, the greatest attention to the issues of the “green” agenda is paid within the framework of the Union’s dialogue with universal international organisations. The Eurasian Economic Union uses multilateral platforms to exchange experience, shape its positive image and demonstrate its achievements. At the same time, cooperation on environmental issues with third countries and regional organizations is in its early stages. Conclusions. The “green” agenda is playing an increasingly prominent role in the Eurasian Econom ic Union’s international activities, demonstrating its successful adaptation to the “greening” of global economic and political processes. The prospects for further development of the environmental component of the Union’s international activities are linked to regular and substantive discussions of the climate agenda with a wide range of partners, covering issues such as low-carbon development, climate regulation, the adoption of green technologies, and the implementation of climate projects. At the same time, the trajectory of further development will largely be determined by the scale of the intra-union “green” integration and the development of bilateral relations between its member states and external partners.

This article examines one aspect of China’s proposed global governance reform, which draws on the institutional dimension of discursive power. Institutional discursive power in China is defined as activity in international organizations and supranational institutions, from agenda setting to the development and adoption of corresponding decisions — acts of global governance. Aim. The aim of this study is to identify the mechanisms by which China develops discursive power within the framework of its proposed global governance reform. Tasks. The objectives are to identify the process by which China develops discursive power and to analyze its use in foreign policy decision-making. Methods. When writing the article, the authors used general scientific methods. The article used descriptive and comparative methods in the analysis of international institutions. Institutional theory and its derivatives were taken as a general theoretical framework. Results and conclusions. China has successfully developed and implemented various global governance mechanisms, such as multilateral formats, forums, international organizations, and independent financial structures. The Chinese Foreign Ministry pays special attention to the BRICS format. Under China’s influence, the agendas of multilateral institutions have been successfully adapted. China has developed mechanisms for the formation of new international institutions and criteria for the restructuring of existing ones. This highlights China’s institutional discourse power as a key driver of global governance reform.

Aim. The article examines Russia’s role in Eurasian integration as a legal, economic and political framework for sovereign development in a multipolar international order. It seeks to move beyond interpretations that describe the Eurasian project either as a purely technical customs arrangement or as a unilateral instrument of Russian influence. Tasks. The study clarifies the concept of sovereign development, identifies Russia’s main institutional functions within the Eurasian Economic Union, and evaluates how these functions support wider regional connectivity with non-Western and multipolar platforms. Methods. The research applies qualitative institutional analysis, comparative regionalism and geopolitical economy. The empirical basis consists of the Union’s treaty framework, strategic integration documents for the period up to 2025, macroeconomic policy guidelines for 2024–2025, official materials of the Eurasian Economic Commission, and scholarly literature on Eurasian regionalism. Results. Russia performs three core functions in Eurasian integration. Legally, it provides regulatory scale and institutional continuity while remaining constrained by treaty-based equality. Economically, it supports resilience through market capacity, energy and industrial depth, transport geography and national-currency settlements. Politically, it connects the Eurasian project with broader institutions and partnerships linked to multipolar governance. Conclusion. Russia’s role is most defensible when conceptualised as institutional anchoring and regional public-goods provision rather than hegemonic control. Eurasian integration can strengthen sovereignty if it expands the economic and diplomatic options of all member states. Its success depends on internal-market effectiveness, institutional equality, industrial and technological cooperation, external partnerships and measurable welfare gains. The article therefore defines a conditional but positive interpretation of Russia’s leadership in the Eurasian integration process.

The fact that China, despite the official ban on cryptocurrency mining introduced in 2021, continues to hold global technological and manufacturing supremacy in this domain represents a paradoxical phenomenon that calls for thorough theoretical examination. Aim and tasks. The primary purpose of this study is to identify the underlying reasons that enable China’s mining industry to retain its leading position in spite of the imposed restrictions. To accomplish this, the work consistently addresses several interconnected tasks: it determines the set of factors that allow domestic companies to dominate the ASIC miner market; it assesses the extent to which Chinese manufacturers continue to influence global computing power even after its relocation to other jurisdictions; it unpacks the institutional tensions embedded within the state’s regulatory approach; and it explores the role played by informal business networks (guanxi) alongside the adaptive strategies adopted by enterprises, which have increasingly pivoted toward exports and adjacent high-tech sectors. Methods. The research employs an interdisciplinary framework that integrates economic, institutional, and sociocultural analytical perspectives; the empirical foundation draws on data concerning the cross-border movement of computing resources and on expert assessments of how informal practices contribute to the sector’s resilience. Results. The findings indicate that the 2021 prohibitive measures triggered a structural reconfiguration of the industry rather than its elimination — the market became concentrated in the hands of major corporations possessing sufficient resources for global operations; at the same time, China’s technological autonomy in semiconductor manufacturing, combined with the flexibility inherent in its cultural practices, enables the transformation of regulatory obstacles into additional competitive assets on international markets, and the “superposition” effect — where a formal ban coexists with de facto industry expansion — is fully borne out by the case under examination. Conclusions. Attempts to account for the endurance of China’s technological leadership under conditions of an official ban solely through the lens of administrative or market logic inevitably fall short of capturing the full picture; the reality is that Beijing pursues a dual-track policy, coupling tough regulatory rhetoric with pragmatic support for domestic producers, which in turn ensures long-term industrial stability and economic viability. The future trajectory of this paradox will be shaped by three critical variables: the success of digital yuan adoption, the outcome of the technological race in semiconductor production, and the generational shift within the entrepreneurial community, where the cohort that traditionally relied on personal connections is gradually being replaced by a new wave of managers.