Aim. To reveal the main areas of work of the Eurasian Economic Commission and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) in the near future.

Tasks. Assess the processes of Eurasian integration both in a retrospective context and in terms of current geopolitical and geo-economic events.

Methods. Statistical, comparative analysis, qualitative assessment, system approach, project approach.

Results. The contours of the further development of the EAEU are outlined with an emphasis on the creation of a sovereign economic model, the improvement of the institutional and legal systems of the Union, and mutually beneficial cooperation with stable international partners.

Conclusions. The history of the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union is connected with the successful overcoming of external and internal challenges, which clearly indicates its viability. In the current conditions, the EAEU needs to rethink the sovereign path of development, make adjustments to the logic and mechanisms for improving integration work, use the basic conditions to strengthen its own self-sufficiency.

Since the economic crisis of 2008, and more recently with the COVID-19 pandemic, we have seen an active involvement of the state in economic recovery. Consequently, there is growing interest in analyzing the degree of government involvement in economic development and market regulation, as well as in reviving the “developmental state” (DS) approach, in particular.

Aim. To update the concept of the “developmental state” in the light of the new circumstances inherent in the 21st century. This step will allow us to take a fresh look at the model and determine the main trends of its development.

Tasks. We seek to outline the classical version of the “DS” concept proposed by Ch. Johnson, to present the challenges faced by the states, to correlate the classical version with the new “possible” version of the “DS” concept, to analyze the relevance of the model in relation to the development of the EAEU.

Methods. We use the systematic approach and general scientific methods of retrospective, comparative analysis, induction and deduction, generalization, grouping of information.

Results. We present several bases that may become the impetus for the model transformation.

Conclusion. The “21st century developmental state” must retain the bureaucratic capacity, “embedded autonomy” and now assume greater social responsibility. Human capacity, empowerment and digitalization of state functioning will be fundamental elements of a new developmental state model. The EAEU has all the possibilities to apply the model at the supranational level. Its implementation depends on the readiness of the countries for such a transformation.

The relevance of the topic of the article is due to the key role of higher education in the formation of the necessary compe tencies for the scientific, technological and industrial sphere of the economy of a modern state.

Aim. The purpose of the article is to consider the methodological and practical issues of designing double degree master’s programs in the field of business education as one of the effective tools for the formation of a single educational space of the Eurasian Economic Union. The issues of development and implementation of joint educational programs are considered on the example of an international educational project developed at the Department of Business Informatics of the North-Western Institute of Management of the RANEPA. A substantive description of the project is given, the choice of a partner organization is substantiated, criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the project implementation are formulated.

Tasks. Give a meaningful description of the international educational project (relevance, relevance, structure, methodology and methodological novelty, competencies being formed, etc.), justify the choice of a partner organization and formulate criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the implementation of an educational project.

Methods. System approach and expert-analytical methods of research (flow methods of expertise, expert assessments).

Results. The proposed methodological approach to the implementation of educational projects in the format of double diplomas allows solving the problems of internationalization of higher education, forming systems thinking, skills in working with large amounts of data and modern application packages, making non-standard decisions in the economy among students of master’s programs based on modern learning technologies. The conceptual level of the proposed approach is formed by the concepts of student-centered learning, building an individual learning trajectory for undergraduate students. The process-methodological level of the proposed approach allows the introduction of modern innovative network technologies for the implementation of the content of the disciplines of the economic mathematical cycle and the cycle of information technology, the adaptation of national educational systems to international standards and the formation of a competitive educational environment.

Conclusions. The priority areas for the implementation of international educational projects are: transferring international programs to the status of network programs implemented with leading universities (including the development of double diploma programs); bringing international programs to European quality standards and requirements of international accreditation agencies; passing the international joint professional and public accreditation of international educational programs.

Aim. Analyze the existing production potential in the EAEU countries and identify conditions for the development of a common climate policy and common mechanisms for carbon regulation based on the convergence of the positions of the member states of the integration association.

Tasks. Determine the degree of use of the production potential of the EAEU; assess the possibilities and formulate proposals for enhancing the actions of the participating countries for its implementation in the field of sustainable development and climate policy.

Methods. Based on the use of general scientific methods. In particular, the use of logical and comparative methods made it possible to most fully analyze the factors and trends of the processes under study; to identify problems that prevent convergence of the positions of the EAEU member states on the issues of the climate agenda and carbon regulation and propose possible options for their solution.

Results. It has been determined that the existing production potential of the EAEU member countries is currently not fully realized. Its further development is associated with the need for investments to reload existing production capacities, technological renewal and an increase in labor productivity. Possible directions are presented that allow the EAEU countries to develop common positions on a unified climate policy and carbon regulation mechanisms.

Conclusion. Today, climate problems are becoming irreversible and coming to the forefront of the international agenda, which is pushing countries to revise their carbon strategy. Based on the study, it was concluded that there are obstacles to the promotion of the “green” agenda in the EAEU, such as political and macroeconomic instability, the use of protectionist measures between the member countries of the association (this was especially characteristic during the pandemic), upholding their own sovereignty, etc.), which makes it difficult to develop joint mechanisms for regulating common markets. On the other hand, an assessment of the opportunities for convergence of the positions of the EAEU countries showed that there is a wide range of areas of interaction: for example, all EAEU countries have adopted national strategies for sustainable (“green”) development, which imply the modernization of economies through, including , and external financing, which creates incentives for the creation of joint companies and conditions for the development of a common climate policy and unified mechanisms for carbon regulation.

The study analyzes the areas of cooperation between Russia and Kazakhstan within the framework of Eurasian integration.

Aim. To identify the presence of factors contributing to the strengthening of relations between Russia and Kazakhstan at the present stage and obstacles hindering the deepening of integration processes.

Tasks. To analyze the current state of cooperation between the two countries within the framework of the Eurasian Union, to identify obstacles to deepening integration processes, to show forecast scenarios of interaction between Russia and Kazakhstan. To analyze how these scenarios will affect the relationship between the two countries, and what consequences will be if each of them is implemented.

Methods. The article uses general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, a systematic approach, as well as an empirical method of expert evaluation.

Results. The study showed that there are strong relations between the two countries in the economic sphere within the framework of the EAEU. Russia is the main trading partner of Kazakhstan. Projects related to the Caspian Sea are being developed and look very promising. Joint military exercises and supplies of Russian weapons are of great interest to Kazakhstan. Russia acts as a guarantor of Kazakhstan’s security in the region and its main partner in the Eurasian space. The Collective Security Treaty Organization also plays an important role in the relations between the two countries, which proved its effectiveness in the January 2022 events, contributing to the resolution of the political crisis and preventing extremist actions of armed terrorist groups. At the same time, the role of Kazakhstan as its closest neighbor and ally is also important for Russia, especially in the context of escalating international tensions.

Conclusions. Both Russia and Kazakhstan are interested in further cooperation in the economic, military and cultural spheres. At the same time, the further deepening of integration processes is hindered by the absence of large joint investment projects and the multi-vector nature of Kazakhstan’s foreign policy. In the context of the information war of the West against Russia and the increasing international tension, it is extremely important to deepen cooperation between the two countries.

The article is devoted to the process of development of the Chinese e-commerce market in the structure of the Chinese economy. The process of formation and development of the Chinese e-commerce market is researched and analyzed, and the main events of the new stage of the Chinese e-commerce market are considered. At the same time, a justification is given for distinguishing two stages in the development of this market. The reasons for the successful development of Chinese companies in the field of e-commerce were identified, and China’s leading platforms in three types of e-commerce were studied: B2C, B2B, C2C. The study showed the great importance of e-commerce in the development of the Chinese economy, as it contributed to solving the most important tasks such as eliminating poverty, raising the living standards of both the urban and rural population.

Aim. To explore the process of formation and development of Chinese e-commerce market.

Tasks. To study and analyze the formation and development of e-commerce market, as well as to consider main events of a new stage of its development in the structure of the Chinese economy.

Methods. In this work, we used such empirical methods as comparative analysis, such theoretical research methods as deduction; the method of historical analysis was used, as well as statistical methods and general logical methods (analysis and synthesis).

Results. The study showed the great importance of e-commerce in the development of Chinese economy. It contributes to solution of such critical tasks as raising the living standards of both urban and rural populations, eradicating widespread poverty, etc. China is the world’s leader in terms of retail e-commerce. «Alibaba Group» has been the leader in B2B, B2C and C2C for many years. Today, Chinese companies are leaders in the global e-commerce markets. Results of the study are based on the analysis of information obtained from various available sources, including official statistics.

Conclusion. The importance of e-commerce in the development of the Chinese economy in the 21st century is great. And this, in our opinion, is the merit of Chinese government, which supports development of the country’s technical progress, including development of e-commerce. Moreover, China’s transition to mobile Internet has accelerated development of e-commerce. At the same time, important factors in accelerating the development of this industry are active competition of companies in this area, support from private entrepreneurs in other countries and, most importantly, support from Chinese government. And all this has contributed to the fact that the Chinese e-commerce market has developed faster than e-markets of other countries.

Aim. In this article, the author seeks to analyze some of the characteristic features of various forms of money laundering in Russia and China, with reference to the chronicles of past centuries, starting from the moment this phenomenon arose, which later became widespread in both countries.

Tasks. To realize the main aim, the author gradually solves logically interconnected tasks: firstly, to identify the oldest forms of legalization of illegal income in Russia and China; second, to trace the logic of evolutionary changes in money laundering in the historical practices of both countries; thirdly, compare the Russian and Chinese experience in the studied system of economic structural and functional ties.

Methods. When writing the material, methods of chronological reconstruction, historical analogy, analysis and synthesis, comparative studies were used.

Results. The author established that for the first time corruption mechanisms for the legalization of illegal income arose in China in the 4th century BC, while in Russia this practice is clearly traced only from the 15th century. The article shows that in China during the Tang Dynasty (VII–X century AD), money laundering methods demonstrated active development, and then reached a level critical for maintaining statehood in the era of the Opium Wars (XIX century), although they were subsequently partially leveled during the socialist period of Chinese statehood in the twentieth century. By analogy, the author considers the historical background of the evolution of money laundering mechanisms in our country in the era of feudal fragmentation, as well as tsarist and Soviet power. The article attempts to compare two historical paintings — Russia and China.

Conclusion. The author concludes that the processes of legalizing illegal funds in Russia and China have similar features and are intensified in connection with the most important historical events, therefore, modern models of money laundering and countering this illegal activity have characteristic features formed by cultural experience in a particular country.

The end of the globalization and the rise of the “curtain wall” between the West and Russia again raises the question of economic and technological backwardness of Eurasian Union countries comparing to the “developed countries”, and especially the backwardness of such countries as Kyrgyzstan. That fact is sufficiently connected to sometimes extremal concentration on inner problems, which prevents the state and inner community to set pragmatic aims of rapid technological and economic development. In this context the experience of fast catch-up of Japan at the end of the 19th century gives a good example how that can be realized. And that Japanese experience is still looks actual, despite that it happened almost 150 years ago.

Aim. An evaluation of the affection of outer factors in Meiji Japan’s fast economic catch-up.

Tasks. For those purposes were analyzed the reasons of fast economic development, as well as the factors which stimulated Japan’s modernization.

Methods. As a methodology there was used an analysis of economic, technological and ideological factors.

Results. Results of the research demonstrate that, first, the fast catch-up itself was pushed by outer threats of getting into colonial dependency of the Western countries, and second, for fast development Japan pragmatically used Western technologies.

Conclusion. Technological modernization should become the basic factor for rapid economic development of the Eurasian Union countries, and the state can play certain coordinating role in such a process sometimes using ideological factors.

In the context of deepening international integration in the Eurasian space, the study of the legal protection of migrant workers is fundamental issue for both ensuring socio-economic fairness and gradual transformation of the state sovereignty into the institutional basis of supranational constitutionalism, which guarantees the protection of fundamental human rights and freedoms.

Aim. Improving the legal regulation of labor migration at the international, supranational and state levels through the harmonization of migration legislation in the Eurasian region.

Tasks. Identification of conflicts and inaccuracies in the legal regulation of labor migration, as well as the development of recommendations for implementation of international agreements on the organized recruitment of workers between the receiving countries and countries of origin of migrants.

Methods. A comparative legal analysis of international, supranational and state migration law in the process of research is supplemented by a discursive analysis of scientific literature on labor migration issues.

Results. Protecting the socio-economic rights of migrant workers is the main task of host states, where migrants can become ether a criminogenic factor or a constructive social element. It is rational to organize national regulation of labor migration in integration associations of states, such as the EAEU, on the principles of national treatment for migrant workers. International agreements on the organized recruitment of workers between receiving countries and countries of origin of migrants should ensure the adaptation of migrants to the legal regime of the host country, the participation of migrants in the functioning of civil society institutions, and the monitoring of migration processes.

Conclusion. Labor migration strengthens integration unions, creating strong social ties and developing civil society institutions within the boundaries of integration associations. Since state sovereignty is inextricably linked with the protection of the interests of fellow citizens, insofar as in the process of regulating labor migration, all states participating in regional integration are called upon not only to protect the rights of migrant workers, but also to provide all conditions for migrants to fulfill their obligations to civil society.

The collapse of the USSR led not only to the formation of 15 independent states in the place of the former Soviet republics, but also to the strengthening of secessionism and the emergence of de facto states in the post-Soviet. The emergence, formation and transit of states of this type have many, both common and specific features associated with the peculiarities of their birth.

Aim. A comparative analysis of the formation and transit of the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR) and the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR) as de facto states of the Russian world and a comparative analysis of the formation of industrial models of the economy of the unrecognized states and their management systems.

Tasks. Development of models of management systems for the development of the economy of the self-proclaimed republics. Drawing up and substantiation of medium-term forecasts for the development of the PMR and the DPR: 1) integration into a new union state; 2) return to their “mother states” (Moldova and Ukraine); 3) joining Russia, 4) partial international recognition; 5) continuation of existence in the form of a “gray zone” of the economy and politics. Other options are possible, the most tragic of which is the end of support from Russia, which means the end of the existence of these de facto states.

Methods. Methods of system analysis, short- and medium-term forecasting, comparative analysis were used.

Conclusions. At the heart of any political system is the economy. It is the quality of the constructed economic model that determines the level and duration of the political independence of the state. This connection is especially evident in the construction of the statehood of territorial neoplasms, in which the creation of an economic system is built according to the patterns and principles of the economic system of the patron stateareas”, the shortcomings of the patron state system of the same name, from which the economic model and management mechanisms were “written off”, a comprehensive consideration of the features of secessionism in the specific historical conditions of the emergence of unrecogni zed states is necessary.

The article focuses on the close relationship of the socio-cultural environment of the city, which combines historical memory and modernity, with national identity.

Aim. The purpose of this study is to identify the impact of urban cultural policy on the formation of Kazakhstani national identity on the example of the city of Nur-Sultan, which became the capital after Kazakhstan gained independence.

Tasks. The objectives of the study include determining the significance of the locality in the formation of national identity, the characterization of urban policy in the field of culture and its relationship with civic nationalism, the nation s tate and identity in the institutional and symbolic aspect.

Methods. Within the framework of this work, the historical method, institutional and political-cultural approach is focused on the analysis of existing political institutions from the standpoint of potential opportunities that have not been realized in the past, and the development and implementation of methods for solving emerging problems in the process of forming state cultural policy at the stage of formation and development of the city Nur-Sultan.

Results. This study is the statement that the cultural policy of Nur-Sultan is a new imaginative design based on the synthesis of modern technological solutions and various historical aspects of cultural heritage, which allows us to see the significant features of the idea of national identity. The novelty of the research lies in the attempt to comprehensively analyze the formation of the Kazakhstani national identity with an emphasis on the cultural policy of the city of Nur-Sultan.

Conclusion. The main conclusion is that various ethnic groups with their inclusive characteristics are included in the common cultural space formed in the historical context of the titular nation with modern innovative projects, creating a synthesis of cultures that affects the formation of national identity.

The article compares the theoretical foundations of ethno-cultural policy in the Eurasian region.

Aim. The goal set by the authors is to compare two approaches in the theory of social dynamics, on the basis of which the ethno-cultural policy of the modern states of the region — Russia (USSR) and China — is based.

Tasks. Identification of fundamental differences in the geopolitical strategies developed by the theorists of Eurasianism and Chinese scientists.

Methods. In the context of the implementation of this task — a comparison of the methodological foundations of real political projects in the Eurasian space, through logical analysis, differences are established in the theories of geopolitical dynamics proposed in the Eurasian concept and in Chinese science. The method of comparative analysis of ethno-cultural and ethno-economic policies in the Eurasian region of the two most influential powers allows us to conclude that alternative theoretical concepts and their paradigmatic limitations are adequate to real geopolitical processes.

Results. The study showed that the concept of Eurasian geocivilization, which was formed as overcoming the limitations of the Slavophile version of Russian civilization in the context of the collapse of traditional approaches in social theory and in the context of historical collisions of the early twentieth century, had a positive potential, partially realized in the policy of the Soviet state. But the conceptual limitations imposed by the inadequate theoretical basis — the theory of civilizations existing at that time — did not allow the formation of a single Eurasian cultural space to be completed. The Eurasian unity represented by the Soviet Union was consolidated by institutional means, but it was not realized as a cultural synthesis. Chinese scientists have proposed an alternative project for the integration of the Eurasian space — the “One Belt — One Road”, which began to be implemented already in the XXI century. This project is based on Marxist theory and concepts of the second half of the twentieth century, complimentary to Marxism or being neo-Marxist.

Conclusions. The incompleteness and instability of the Eurasian project in the Soviet version is a consequence of the limitations inherent in the geopolitical theory itself, which does not take into account the positive potential of Marxist theory and social concepts developed in the second half of the twentieth century. Chinese scientists use the scientific potential of Eurasianism in interpreting the Russian mentality and consider the politics of modern Russia through the prism of Eurasian connotations, but Eurasianism as a geopolitical theory, in their opinion, has not passed the test of history. Therefore, Chinese policy in the Eurasian space is based on other theoretical foundations — in addition to classical Marxism, neo-Marxist approaches. The Chinese authors conclude, in this regard, that Russia is still facing the problem of choosing a geopolitical strategy, which in turn is due to the paradigmatic uncertainty of Russian science.

The article examines and compares the Arctic policy of Russia and China in the field of environmental protection and analyzes specific environmental activities carried out by them in the Arctic.

Aim. The purpose is to review the environmental policy of Russia and China implemented in the Arctic. Tasks. Identify existing problems and offer recommendations for their solution.

Methods. A systematic approach, generalization, synthesis, comparative analysis, and document analysis were used.

Results. Four main directions of implementation of Russia’s environmental policy in the Arctic have been identified. The main provisions of the White Paper “China’s Arctic Policy”, which regulates the directions of China’s Arctic policy implemented by the Administration for Arctic and Antarctic Affairs, are considered. Three main lines in Beijing’s environmental strategy in the Arctic region are highlighted. A comparative analysis of the environmental policies of the two countries in the Arctic is carried out.

Conclusions. The national interests of both countries in the Arctic are connected with economics and geopolitics, but veiled under the interests of solving environmental problems. The current issues in the Arctic are environmental protection, the fight against climate change and the development of international cooperation. The declarative, programmatic nature of the main documents on environmental protection in the region, as well as the absence of a joint competent authority carrying out joint activities of the states under consideration in the Arctic, remain unresolved problems of both China and Russia in the implementation of Arctic environmental policy.

The present study is devoted to the consideration of the peculiarities of Chinese policy in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of global technological confrontation.

Aim. To identify the key areas of China’s AI strategy, as well as to identify priority areas of state policy in this area.

Tasks. To analyze the results of the development of the AI industry in China, to consider the main economic indicators, achievements in the creation of computing infrastructure, the development of its own research and development in the field of AI, to identify the main provisions of the key official documents of the Chinese strategy in the field of AI. To summarize the main directions of China’s policy in the field and in the broader context of global geopolitical and technological confrontation.

Methods. Research of official documents and on the basis of information and analytical technologies, comparative analysis, content analysis, inductive method using approaches of critical geopolitics.

Results. The study showed that China is one of the world leaders in the field of AI technologies. Its leading positions are supported by substantial investments comparable to the USA and the EU, significant achievements in the creation of computing infrastructure, high patent and publication activity of Chinese researchers, developers and organizations, existing scientific and technological groundwork in the field of quantum computing and neuroscience. China has formed a holistic AI strategy aimed at technological leadership, strengthening sovereignty in the field of high technologies, developing human resources, improving economic efficiency, gaining competitive advantages at the international level, as well as projecting its own geopolitical interests on this basis. A systematic approach to the adoption of the main strategic documents aimed at supporting the development of AI, the balance of roadmaps for achieving the main goals, contributes to the formation of a balanced and effective public policy in this area.

Conclusions. The analysis of China’s AI policy allows us to state the formation of a large space for the development of AI technologies, which acts as an alternative to the Western space, the leaders of which are the United States and the EU. At the international level, in the context of the tightening of the sanctions policy, China is able to provide countries for which the range of opportunities for cooperation with the West has seriously narrowed recently, with access to modern high technologies and substantial investment resources, thereby strengthening its own integration potential and influence in the world.  

This work examines the main directions of the Japanese Arctic policy, its impact on the development of Russian-Japanese cooperation in the region.

Aim. The study aims to analyze the formation of the Japanese Arctic strategy, to define promising areas and problems of Russian-Japanese relations.

Tasks. The authors identify the main stages of the Japanese Arctic policy, determine the significance of the Northern Sea Route (NSR) for Tokyo, study the areas of Russian-Japanese cooperation, assess the problems and prospects of bilateral cooperation in the Arctic.

Methods. Using the method of comparative analysis, content analysis, event analysis, we have identified areas that contribute to the strengthening of Russian-Japanese relations in the Arctic and factors that can weaken this cooperation.

Results. The study shows that Japan seeks to be an active actor in the Arctic processes, since this region will play a significant role in the development of the Japanese economy through the energy supplies diversification. Japan’s key partner here is Russia, and they are implementing a major energy project — Arctic LNG-2. The modernization of the NSR’s infrastructure is another promising area for the development of Russian-Japanese relations. However, there are contradictions that may affect their cooperation — this is the differences in definition the NSR status and the international legal status of the Arctic.

Conclusion. Despite Japan’s interest in using the NSR and participation in energy projects in the Russian Arctic, there are some issues that make it difficult to strengthen their Arctic cooperation. There are the problem of the Kuril Islands and the difference in determining the status of the Arctic region.  

This study is aimed to investigate the key problem of any integration association — the contradiction between national and supranational interests — and the practice of overcoming it in the European Union (EU), the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU).

Aim. Offer recommendations for realizing the potential of the EAEU by resolving the contradiction between national and supranational interests.

Tasks. Consider models for overcoming the contradiction between national and supranational interests in the integration associations of the EU and ASEAN, characterize the situation in the EAEU and propose successful practices of the EU and ASEAN to try to solve this problem.

Methods. To compare the integration practices of the EU and ASEAN, the method of comparative analysis is used. As for the EAEU, it is proposed to use the best practices of both associations, which make it possible to make methods of analysis, synthesis, generalization, as well as the SMART goalsetting method.

Results. On the basis of specific examples, recommendations are given for combining soft and hard approaches for the development of the EAEU with the prospect of building a Greater Eurasian partnership in the future. Thus, the EAEU should pay attention to the experience of the EU in terms of strengthening the supranational structure of the association, as well as to the practice of ASEAN dialogue mechanisms. At the same time, following the example of the EU, one should not create an excessive bureaucracy and exert excessive pressure on countries by interfering in their internal affairs. In order to effectively set goals, the EAEU should apply the technologies of the SMART method, which provides for the setting of specific, measurable, achievable, meaningful and timelimited goals.

Conclusion. The contradiction between national and supranational interests is the most profound problem in any integration association, including the EAEU. However, there is no universal method for resolving this problem. The EAEU should combine in its practice the experience of the EU and ASEAN as hard and soft approaches to balancing national and supranational interests.  

The article reviews current scholarship and debates on state capitalism as well as studies of this phenomenon in Russia.

Aim. This article aims to review current scholarly debates on state intervention in the Russian economy and identify key positions in this field.

Tasks. In the first part of the article, we reveal the history of the concept of ‘state capitalism’ and review debates on the ‘new state capitalism’, its developmentalist, political, social and other interpretations.

Methods. This article compares scholars’ positions and identifies divisions in the field.

Results. In the first part of the article, we demonstrate that the concept of ‘state capitalism’ has been discussed in the Marxist tradition since the late 19th century. However, the crisis of 2008-2009 marked the renewal of mainstream interest in this phenomenon. There are several interpretations of state capitalism. Industrial policy view treats state capitalism as a way of stimulating economic growth and technological development. Social policy view considers it to be an instrument of solving social problems, such as unemployment and high prices on certain goods and services. Political view envisions state capitalism as a vehicle for rent-seeking and patronage. Geopolitical view treats it as an instrument of foreign policy and the defense of national sovereignty. State capitalism is also seen as a vehicle for financialization and globalization. State capitalism is studied both on the microlevel of specific industries, regions and projects, and on the macrolevel of the national economies.

Conclusion. Current debates on state capitalism comprise a dynamic, multidisciplinary research field. Within this field, the Russian case should be investigated in the comparative perspective.