The article discusses certain special aspects of Russia’s parliamentary diplomacy in the context of global confrontation with the West. It demonstrates that the Eurasian vector of the parliamentary dimension should become the priority thereof. The article researches multilateral and bilateral inter-parliamentary relations aimed at the formation of Eurasian law and the creation of conditions for functioning of Eurasian courts and arbitration tribunals. Certain features of the work of Eurasian parliamentary institutions are revealed, such as: the CSTO Parliamentary Assembly, IPA CIS, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Union of Belarus and Russia on economic, political, military, humanitarian integration in the post-Soviet territory.

Aim. Disclosure of the content of the Eurasian vector of Russia’s parliamentary diplomacy as a priority dimension in the context of global confrontation with the West.

Tasks. Analyze features of the Western and Eurasian vectors of parliamentary diplomacy of Russia; explore forms and methods of parliamentary diplomacy in the post-Soviet territory; determine ways to strengthen the role of the parliamentary dimension in the processes of Eurasian integration.

Methods. Systematic approach, comparative analysis, compilation of the best practices.

Results. The study showed the need for a transition to bilateral forms of inter-parliamentary cooperation between Russia and unfriendly countries of the West and the effectiveness of multilateral cooperation with the countries of the East in order to develop Eurasian integration. The relevance of creating a parliamentary dimension in the EAEU and completing the formation of parliamentary institutions in the CSTO and the Union State has been substantiated.

This article discusses the role of innovation in the development of the economy, changing its structure and the formation of new market conditions. The level of innovative development among the CIS countries is compared on the basis of various indicators.

Aim. Analyze the current state of innovative development of the economy of the Republic of Tajikistan and compare the level of its development with the CIS countries.

Task. Determine the impact of innovations on economic growth and their importance in the development of science-intensive industries, and in general for improving the standard of living of the population. Consider the contribution of innovation to economic growth in the Republic of Tajikistan.

Methods. In this article, the comparative method, the method of generalization and expert analysis were used.

Results. When considering the role and significance of innovation, it was revealed that new products, technology or equipment based on new knowledge not only contribute to the socio-economic growth in the country, but also determine its higher position in the world community and ensure national security. Therefore, the role of fundamental and applied research, as well as scientific developments and, most importantly, their practical application in the production process, has recently increased.

Conclusion. In the second half XX century, scientists, along with the extensive and intensive type of economic growth, began to consider the innovative type. This was due to the fact that investing in information, science, high technology and the commercialization of new knowledge contributed not only to economic growth in developed countries, but formed the prerequisites for the initial stage of a post-industrial economy, or a knowledge-based economy.

The article deals with the issue of the relevance of improving the social policy of the member countries of the Eurasian Economic Union through the mechanism of “transinstitutional cooperation” (TC) proposed by the authors of the work. It represents interstate integration within  the framework of the joint i mprovement of one or more public policy instruments (including social policy). The topic of the welfare state is discussed in the context of studying various areas of the socio-economic life of the EAEU members: the main political and legal document of the country — the Constitution, the national taxation system, quality of life indicators, the level of the shadow economy, the level of social inequality of different segments of the population, etc. The effectiveness of using various social policy instruments of the EAEU countries is compared in order to identify strengths and weaknesses, as well as the potential for their improvement within the framework of “institutional cooperation”.

Aim. Taking into account the above, the purpose of the study was to analyze the patterns of development of the social policy of the Russian Federation, the republics of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia, to consider their weaknesses and points of growth in order to identify the potential for strengthening integration ties based on the unification of social development tools.

Task. To analyze various areas of social life of the EAEU member countries, identify similarities in development trends in order to create a basis for the formation of unified socio-economic transformations. To demonstrate social tools for the development of “transinstitutional interaction” within the boundaries of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Methods. The following methods were used in the article: comparative analysis — to compare the effectiveness of social policy instruments in the EAEU countries, content analysis — when analyzing documents (constitutions) of EAEU members to identify signs that allow identifying the state as a social one, as well as formal-logical analysis — when clarifying the concepts “welfare state” and “institutional cooperation”.

Results. Based on the results of the study, the principles of the “welfare state” are considered on the example of the member countries of the Eurasian economic integration, the economic essence of “institutional cooperation” is formulated and proposed for implementation, designed to develop interethnic relations both within the union and beyond. A comprehensive analysis of the instruments of social policy of all participants in the Eurasian integration has been carried out, and recommendations for improving the instruments have been proposed.

Conclusion. The accumulating unresolved issues of an internal nature are forcing the leadership of the members of the Eurasian Economic Union to accelerate the processes of building an unconditional policy of the welfare state. The solution of such “social modernization” alone seems difficult to implement, in this regard, it is proposed to take the path of a collective solution of the social issue through a unidirectional, unified social policy built on the basis of “transinstitutional cooperation”. The conducted analysis of social policy instruments lays down the priorities in the development of mechanisms of “transinstitutional cooperation” by the members of the EAEU. The Republics of Kyrgyzstan, Armenia and Kazakhstan should focus on developing a unified strategy for youth and migration policies, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus should focus on issues such as population aging, providing older citizens with pension savings, and encouraging the development of family and maternity institutions.

Aim. In 2022, the shortage of energy carriers on the world market was directly affected by sanctions against the Russian energy sector and terrorist attacks on the Nord Stream and Nord Stream —2 gas pipelines, while scientific publications do not present global calculations of the volumes of Russian gas falling out of world circulation. The aim is to assess the volumes of Russian gas falling out of global turnover.

Tasks. Identification of prospects for the development of Eurasian integration in the field of expanding export cargo flows of Russian gas to friendly countries against the background of the escalation of the energy crisis in the world taking into account exogenous and endogenous factors influencing changes in the production and consumption of Russian gas.

Methods. Methods of system and comparative analysis, scientific generalization, expert assessments, forecasting methods.

Results. The author presents an analysis of Russia’s role in global gas s upplies, an assessment of falling export volumes, as well as a short-term forecast of changes in pipeline gas cargo flows according to optimistic, basic and pessimistic scenarios.

Conclusion. According to the author, in order to exclude significant losses in gas production in Russia and to implement an optimistic scenario, it is important to accelerate the timing of the unification of the western and eastern gas transmission systems, as well as the implementation of investment projects for the construction of gas pipeline capacities “Power of Siberia — 2”, “Soyuz — Vostok”, “Turkish Stream — 2”.

Digital transformation affects all social spheres bringing to life interactive technologies and virtual reality. Since the virtual (digital) space depends on the digital and creative solutions that form its technological base, insofar the legal regime of copying creative solutions affects both the freedom of creativity necessary for sustainable development and public control which is significant for maintaining the manageability of sovereign states and integrational unions.

Aim. Improving the legal regime for the protection of interactive works to create a universal and harmonious information space where the rights of authors and the economic interests of software developers are protected, as well as digital sovereignty is guaranteed.

Tasks. The concept development for legal protection of interactive works and the political and legal modeling of the digital (information) space presuppose the implementation of international agreements in the field of intellectual rights, as well as solution of several tasks to formalize the results of the creative activity that are perceived through digital technologies.

Methods. Political and legal modeling of the digital space is carried out by introducing terminological certainty and creating a system of the interactive works protection. Such legal construction should provide effective public control while preserving creative freedom in digital space.

Results. The protection of the copyright and moral rights of the authors of interactive works differs significantly from the legal protection of audiovisual artworks and literature. While the form of objective expression in computer programs may be similar to a literary artwork, their perception by the target audience is fundamentally different in that it models a virtual (digital) space, which the state administration seeks to control in recent years.

Conclusion. The state administration’s tendency to digital sovereignty makes sense only if the target audience demonstrates high demand for interactive artworks published under the state jurisdiction. Since the information space is universal, the digital sovereignty of the state is inextricably linked with participation in integration unions that ensure the p roper quality of the results of creative work and create the digital space that is necessary under digital transformation for the interactive art development and the prosperity of creative corporations.

The article discusses the issue of creating investment arbitration in the BRICS member states. The prerequisites for the creation of this institution are the problems of “classical” investment arbitration, which, in turn, are predetermined by the crisis of globalism as an idea of the world order.

Aim. The purpose of this work is to study the prerequisites and the possibility of creating investment arbitration in the BRICS countries.

Tasks. Within the framework of achieving this goal, the following tasks were solved: analysis of the crisis of the idea of globalism and, as a consequence, the crisis of “classical” investment arbitration; analysis of the regionalization of legal institutions in general and investment arbitration, in particular; analysis of the conditions for the creation of investment arbitration in the BRICS member states.

Methods. The methodology of solving the formulated tasks is based on the identification of those patterns that are characteristic of various periods of the existence of world political, economic and legal relations.

Results. The prerequisites for the creation of BRICS investment arbitration are the problems of “classical” investment arbitration. The author concludes that this crisis entails a tendency to regionalize both communities of states and legal institutions that ensure the functioning of these unions. Hence, there is a need for the formation of regional arbitrations. Since the BRICS community has set as its goal the formation of a coordinated financial, trade and investment policy, it also required the appropriate jurisdictional support of these processes. In addition to the creation of other institutions, the economic needs of the BRICS require the creation of investment arbitration, which should become a mechanism for resolving investment disputes arising between various economic entities.

Conclusions. It is concluded that when creating investment arbitration, it is necessary to abandon the ideology of protecting exclusively the rights of the investor, which has become the dominant idea in matters of economic law and order. In particular, it is necessary to take into account the interests of public entities — recipients of investments. These interests lie in the plane of protecting human rights, public needs, and environmental problems. In addition, it is necessary to abandon the exclusive use of the Anglo-Saxon legal technique, which is imposed within the framework of the existing investment arbitration. In the end, the conclusion is made about the relevance of the creation of the BRICS investment arbitration, that this institution will contribute to the strengt hening and development of ties betw een the states participating in this association.

The second decade of the XXI century in the Eurasian space was marked by new socio-economic and political developments. Significant changes have taken place in the political landscape of Eurasia. They were largely due to the fact that the political processes in which the Eurasian states that appeared on the map of Eurasia after the collapse of the USSR began to change their character. New political actors have entered the arena of political activity, gradually replacing people from the former party nomenclature. The political elite was now formed not from graduates of the Soviet higher school, but mainly from those who received education in higher educational institutions of Great Britain, Germany, China, the USA, Turkey, France, Japan, etc. The consequence was the reorientation of such politicians, political scientists, administrative workers from the traditional values of Euro-Asian peoples to liberal pseudo-traditions characteristic of for the realities of transatlantic states (“hedonism for the body and narcissism for the soul”).

Researchers note the generational change of political figures taking place in Central Asia today, the change in the composition of political elites, their positions in relation to neighboring countries and states that they consider as investors and allies. In the conditions of the SVO in Ukraine and the ongoing sanctions pressure on Russia, Russophobic sentiments have significantly increased both among the ruling circles and among ordinary residents of the Eurasian states. The media are especially trying to emphasize and develop this. The article provides examples of recent events in a number of EAEU countries and neighboring Eurasian states. Attention is drawn to the need for a wider dissemination of historical information about political and other events of modern and modern times in the Great Steppe. The effectiveness of the application of the principles and methods of economic, political, and cultural interaction of various state entities accumulated over the centuries in the heart of Eurasia is emphasized. Attention is drawn to the effectiveness of using education as a means of soft power to ensure the sustainable development of the states of the region. The prospects for the change of political generations, the need for “rejuvenation” of political elites are briefly described.

Aim. To highlight significant aspects and perspectives of the evolution of political elites in Central Asian countries.

Tasks. To introduce into scientific circulation the results of a comparative analysis of the formation and activity of political elites of new state formations in Eurasia at the present stage.

Methods. Comparative-analytical method, systematic approach, transdisciplinary approach.

Results. The changes in the political landscape of Eurasia and their impact on the activities of the political elites of the Central Asian countries are characterized. New elements of the state of the regional integration process are highlighted. The results of the use of education as a means of soft power in the change of political generations in the states of the region are shown.

Conclusions. In modern conditions, a significant factor in the formation of a new political landscape on the Eurasian continent is the emergence of new centers of power and the change of political generations of the ruling ones. It is necessary to expand the use of historical experience in the implementation of vocational education to include young people in the management system in the Eurasian states. 

Recently, most of the existing environmental problems have not only not been solved but have also worsened. There is a growing understanding in the public consciousness that the tools that have been used so far in solving these problems do not cope with the tasks formulated, among other things, in the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Accordingly, the interest in analyzing existing environmental problems and finding ways to solve them is taking an increasing place in the process of defining and implementing the policies of most states and their interaction with activists of environmental social movements.

Aim. Development of new ideas and directions for improving environmental policy, including within the framework of increasing the intensity of integration processes in the Eurasian space covering the EAC and SCO countries.

Tasks. In the article are analyzed the experience of EAC and SCO countries in the process of ecological safe space creation.

Methods. In the article were used elements of comparative and systematic approaches and general scientific methods of analysis, synthesis, deduction, and induction.

Results. The study revealed the need to consider new trends in the environmental policy of the Russian Federation also under development of integration processes within the Eurasian space from the perspective of political ecology.

Conclusion. Based on the analysis, the following main environmental problems that exist in the Russian Federation were identified: waste management issues, water pollution, destruction of forests, skepticism about “alternative” and “green” energy. However, environmental problems, as a rule, affect more than one country, so they need to be solved through integration with other states. Now the development of a “green” economy is a promising direction within the Eurasian space. 

Aim. Give a reasoned assessment of the prospects for integration interaction between the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Eurasian Economic Union.

Tasks. Tell about the beginning of the functioning of the Commonwealth of Independent States and give the structure of actually functioning bodies of the Commonwealth, substantiate the legitimacy of choosing the Eurasian Economic Union as a “hard core” of post-Soviet integration, assess the prospects of the idea of conjugation of the integration potentials of the CIS and the EAEU, tell about the joint work of the CIS and the EAEU to eliminate conflicts in their legal acts, substantiate the need for further work of the CIS and the EAEU within the framework of the emerging Greater Eurasian Partnership.

Methods. To create the author’s version of the system of CIS bodies, institutional approaches were used in conjunction with structural and functional approaches. The “integration matryoshka” of the CIS — FTA — EAEU was built by the modeling method. Using the method of comparative analysis, the work of the working group on conjugation of the EAEU law and the legal framework of the CIS was analyzed. The forecasting method was used to justify the further work of the CIS and the EAEU within the framework of the emerging Greater Eurasian Partnership.

Results. On the basis of specific examples, recommendations are given for combining soft and hard approaches for the development of the EAEU and the CIS with the prospect of building a Greater Eurasian Partnership in the future. Thus, the EAEU should pay attention to strengthening the supranational structure of the association, as well as to the practice of ASEAN dialogue mechanisms. At the same time, following the example of the EU, one should not create an excessive bureaucracy and exert excessive pressure on countries by interfering in their internal affairs.

Conclusions. The contradiction between national and supranational interests is the most profound problem in any integration association, including the EAEU and the CIS. However, there is no universal method for solving this problem. The EAEU and the CIS should combine in their practice the experience of the EU and ASEAN as a hard and soft approach to balancing national and supranational interests. 

Aim. Formulate proposals to improve the state policy of entrepreneurship development and investment climate in the Republic of Dagestan.

Tasks. To study the current state of the investment climate and entrepreneurial activity in the Republic of Dagestan. Consider international experience of interaction between business and public authorities. Determine the main direction in the activities of state and municipal authorities, civil society institutions and the business community of the Republic of Dagestan to create a favorable investment climate in the republic.

Methods. The work uses the methods of social constructivism, institutional, structural-functional and comparative analysis, statistical, as well as formal-logical research methods.

Results. According to the data obtained, the investment sector of the region’s economy needs some improvement. There is a negative dynamics of investments in the fixed capital of the republic, as well as a decrease in the volume of investments per capita in recent years. Data for 20 19–2021 show an increase in the volume of public investment, while the volume of private investment in the fixed capital of the republic is significantly decreasing.

Conclusions. The authors suggest that the authorities authorized in the field of entrepreneurship and investment focus on the information technology direction of investment activity development. It is recommended to improve and actively promote the recently created investment map of the Republic of Dagestan, to ensure the creation of mechanisms for updating it and filling it with new content, which will significantly modernize investment activities and bring it to a qualitatively new level. The largest capital in the stock market is made during periods of recession, thanks to the investment and navigation map. It’s just that people don’t notice it in a crisis.

In the 21st century, with the emergence on the world stage of a new strong actor in international relations — the People’s Republic of China — it became obvious that the Western model of global governance must be revised or at least an alternative must be proposed to it. China has consistently advocated the formati on of a multipolar world order built on the principles of pluralism of interests and civilizational diversity, which are reflected in the concept of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. The idea of peaceful coexistence is more relevant than ever.

Aim. The purpose of this study is to determine the use of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence in China’s foreign policy strategy.

Tasks. Analyze the content of the “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence” and trace their reflection in the PRC’s foreign policy activities by the example of the state’s actions in relation to conducting a Special military operation.

Methods. During the study, the author used the method of historical retrospective, as we ll as the method of analyzing documents.

Results. The relevance of the application of the concept of “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence” in the foreign policy of China was substantiated; each principle was characterized, the peculiarities of their application in relation to the conduct of Special military operation were revealed.

Conclusions. The origins of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence can be seen in Confucianism, which implies harmony without unification. In the 21st century, China is actively taking initiatives to form a new world order, taking the “Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence” as a basis, working to create a positive image of the country. The principles of peaceful coexistence are reflected in the state’s position on the special military operation in Ukraine: China calls to respect national sovereignty, observing the principles of the UN Charter, supports a peaceful dialogue between the two countries, which will take into account the interests of both sides, and follows the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of Russia, abstaining from voting in the UN Security Council on the Ukrainian issue, condemns sanctions as an unacceptable instrument of influence in world politics. PRC officials are convinced that the conflict was provoked by NATO’s eastward expansion and that it is part of Russia’s defense policy, as NATO expansion poses a direct threat to Russian national security. Defending peace and opposing armed clashes is a historical and cultural tradition China has maintained during the conflict.

The relevance of the study stems from the Chinese government’s focus on developing cultural, economic partnerships with Asia-Pacific states. It is the Huaqiao who have contributed to this process, for example, there are many investors who balance the flow of money between China and other countries, as well as scholars who share scientific knowledge with Chinese citizens.

Aim. Based on the above, the aim of the study is to analyse the current position of the Chinese diaspora in the economic and political spheres of life in Southeast Asia.

Tasks. In order to successfully realise the objective, it is necessary to solve the research tasks:

• to describe the essence of the concept of “diaspora” in the academic literature, as well as its specific features;
• to consider the role of huaqiao in the formation of China’s external image;
• to evaluate the degree of Chinese business activity in trade of the countries under consideration;4) to study the degree of Chinese diasporas’ participation in political life of the states of residence.

Methods. Analysis and synthesis of literary sources (while studying the concept of “diaspora”), historical method (while describing three main waves of Chinese diaspora migration and studying Chinese settlement in different parts of South-East Asia), descriptive method (while studying the place of Chinese diaspora in political and economic life of South-East Asia) were used as main research methods.

Results. The research results have been summarised according to the level of representation of the positive image of the Chinese as a result of the Huaqiao’s economic and political actions.

Conclusions. Firstly, about 75% of overseas Chinese, or 28 million people, live in modern Southeast Asian countries.

Secondly, within the framework of the business activities of the Chinese diaspora, the most significant factor of influence is the association of Chinese enterprises in the “bamboo network” and expansion of areas of cooperation with each other.

Third, the Chinese diaspora has different rights these days depending on the form of government and state structure of the country.

This study is aimed to analyze the methods of forming the internal image of the People’s Republic of China in the domestic media as part of the coverage of an initially negative topic — the coronavirus epidemic, as well as characterizing the PRC’s strategy for positioning its own image.

Aim. Reveal the specifics of the coverage of the COVID-19 epidemic, considering it as a method of forming the internal political image of the People’s Republic of China in the online news media.

Tasks. Determine the techniques used by domestic news network media to form the state image among the audience, based on a content analysis of a corpus of Chinese articles on the topic of the coronavirus epidemic.

Methods. In order to determine the specifics of the coverage of the epidemic in the Chinese media, a qualitative and quantitative content analysis was carried out using a set of parameters developed by the authors, which includes the possibility of sampling, lexical heading analysis, sentiment analysis, and frame analysis.

Results. The government of the PRC is able to form a positive discourse in covering an initially negative situation, such as the spread of the COVID-19 virus and the resulting pandemic, which is fully reflected both in the headlines and in the tone of the texts and the use of certain frames. Such an opportunity is provided by such factors as: the state’s ability to control the press at a high level, the Golden Shield international information filtering system, which is specific to the People’s Republic of China, censorship and taboo coverage of a number of topics that are undesirable from the official point of view of the Communist Party of China.

Conclusion. When analyzing the Chinese sample corpora, it was concluded that the Chinese government is pursuing a targeted policy to create a positive image through high control over local news publications. The internal image formation is in line with the concept of building a socialist society with Chinese characteristics, promoting the construction of a community of common destiny for mankind, fighting hegemony and imperialism in the world, resolutely defending national sovereignty, security and technological development, and promoting cooperation under the “One Belt, One Road” Initiative. 

This article reviews the main methodological approaches to the study of the discourse of nationalism in multi-ethnic societies that exist in international research practice.

Aim. Purpose is to review the existing approaches to the study of nationalist discourse in modern research, their advantages and disadvantages.

Tasks. Objectives are to determine what are the current methods for the study of nationalist discourse in the scientific environment, to examine the limitations of their implementation, to identify the most promising approaches, to specify what are the advantages and disadvantages of the used methodological approaches.

Methods. The comparative analysis method was applied to determine the advantages and disadvantages of the methodological approaches to study the discourse of nationalism. The article also used the method of bibliographic data analysis in order to deepen the understanding of the existing methodological approaches to the study of the discourse of nationalism by searching and studying scientific materials and works of scientists.

Results. The article deals with the quantitative and qualitative methods to study the nationalist discourse in multi-ethnic environment, the difficulties and limitations of the implementation of these or those methods, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Special attention was paid to the method of content analysis of social networks and blogosphere, since today the study of sentiments in social networks is gaining importance, due to the increasing breadth of audience coverage in different countries as well as the emergence of new formats of citizen participation, such as online participation.

Conclusions. Today, the discourse related to nationalist sentiments is most prevalent in internet, for a number of reasons, including the speed and ease of presenting information and the horizontal connectivity. Therefore, in multi-ethnic societies, great importance should be given to scrutinising content on social media including the use of ‘hate speech’. In this regard, the paper makes recommendations for analysing the information space and strengthening work in this direction.